Abstract
Migration regularities of impurities C, O, Fe, Co and Ni and the effect of crystal transition on C, O and Fe in purification of metal La by solid-state electrotransport (SSE) were studied. The impurity migration direction, removal extent and difficulty were intuitively judged by impurity residual rate distribution curve. It is indicated that major impurities Fe, Co, Ni, C and O in metal La are found to significantly migrate to anode and migration effects are much better with the increase in temperature and prolongation of time in purification of La by SSE. Impurities Fe, Co and Ni in La may be fast diffusion elements, which are very extreme to be removed, and removal difficulty is in the order of Fe < Co < Ni < O < C. When La was migrated for 100 h at 800 °C by SSE, the residual rates of impurity Fe, Co, Ni, O and C are 0.25%, 10.10%, 40.04%, 64.00% and 70.04%, respectively. The crystal transition of La, transformed from fcc crystal to bcc crystal, has significant effect on migration of interstitial impurities, and removal effect of interstitial impurities C and O can be significantly improved when purification was performed above crystal transition temperature of 865 °C of La. However, there is little effect on Fe. When La was migrated at 880 °C for 100 h, residual rates of impurities C and O are, respectively, 19.90% and 32.67% lower than those at 820 °C for 100 h, while that of Fe is lower than 0.25% in both situations. Therefore, more pure metal La can be obtained through further increasing temperature, especially above crystal transition temperature of 865 °C of La.
Graphic abstract
![](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Figa_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12598-020-01573-4/MediaObjects/12598_2020_1573_Fig9_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Li ZA, Yan SY, Wang ZQ, Chen DH, Wu DG, Zhang XW, Miao RY. Research progress in rare earth metal high purification of China. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Rare Earth Chemistry and Metallurgy in China, Ganzhou; 2014. 4.
Gschneidner KA. Metals, alloys and compounds-high purities do make a difference. J Alloys Compd. 1993;193(1):1.
Macaluso RT. Crystal structure and physical properties of polymorphs of LnAlB4(Ln = Yb, Lu). Chem Mater. 2007;19(8):1918.
Matsumoto Y. Quantum criticality without tuning in the mixed valence compound-YbAlB4. Science. 2011;331(6015):316.
Nakatsuji S. Superconductivity and quantum criticality in the heavy-fermion system-YbAlB4. Nat Phys. 2008;4:603.
Pecharsky VK, Gschneidner KA. Effect of alloying on the giant magnetocaloric effect of Gd5(Si2Ge2). J Magn Magn Mater. 1997;167:179.
Zhang T. The structure and magnetocaloric effect of rapidly quenched Gd5Si2Ge2 alloy with low-purity gadolinium. Mater Lett. 2007;61(2):440.
Carlson ON, Schmidt FA, Peterson DT. Purification of rare-earth metals by electrotransport. J Less Common Met. 1975;39:277.
Carlson ON, Schmidt FA. Electrotransport of solutes in rare earth metals. J Less Common Met. 1977;53:73.
Fort D. The purification and crystal growth of rare earth metals using solid state electrotransport. J Less Common Met. 1987;134:45.
Isshiki M. Purification of rare earth metals. Vacuum. 1996;47(6):885.
Wu R, Li ZA, Chen DH, Wang ZQ, Pang SM, Zhang XW. Purification of gadolinium by solid state electrotransport processing. J Chin Soc Rare Earths. 2012;30(6):693.
Fu S, Li ZA, Zhang ZQ, Chen DH, Miao RY, Wang ZQ. Purification of praseodymium by solid state electrotransport. Chin J Rare Met. 2015;39(11):1018.
Fu S. Study on technology of purification of praseodymium by solid state electrotransport. Bei**g: General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals; 2014. 34.
Gschneider KA, Eyring L. Hand Book on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earth, vol. 1. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1978. 214.
Zhong JM, Li ZA, Zhang XW, Zhou L, Wang ZQ, Chen DH. Electrode connection optimization for both temperature difference and purification of lanthanum rod during solid-state electrotransport. Rare Met. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-016-0810-8.
Wang ZQ, Li ZA, Zhong JM, Chen DH, Zhang XW, Zhou L. Migration regularities of impurity aluminum and copper in purification of metal lanthanum by solid-state electrotransport. Rare Met. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-017-0959-9.
Waseda Y, Isshiki M. Purification Process and Characterization of Ultra High Purity Metals. Berlin: Isshiki Springer; 2002. 145.
Cathey WN, Murphy JE, Woodyard JR. Electrotransport and diffusion of Co, Fe, and Ag in γ-cerium. Metall Trans. 1973;4(6):1463.
Dariel MP. The solute diffusion of iron in the light rare-earth metals cerium, praseodymium and neodymium. Acta Metall. 1975;23(4):473.
Tessler A, Dariel MP. Electromigration of silver and zinc tracers in praseodymium. J Less Common Met. 1974;35(2):235.
Murphy JE, Adams GH, Cathey WN. Electrotransport and diffusion of iron and silver in α-yttrium. Metall Mater Trans A. 1975;6(2):343.
Okafor ICI, Carlson ON. Fast diffusion and electrotransport of cobalt, iron and nickel in α-Y. J Less Common Met. 1982;84:65.
Axtell SC, Okafor ICI, Conzemius RJ, Carlson ON. Fast diffusion and electrotransport of iron in scandium. J Less Common Met. 1986;115:269.
Carlson ON, Schmidt FA, Peterson DT. Electrotransport of interstitial atoms in yttrium. J Less Common Met. 1966;10:1.
Peterson DT, Schmidt FA. Electrotransport of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in lutetium. J Less Common Met. 1969;18:111.
Peterson DT, Schmidt FA. Electrotransport of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in gadolinium. J Less Common Met. 1972;29:321.
Schmidt FA, Carlson ON. Electrotransport of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in scandium. J Less Common Met. 1976;50:237.
Schmidt FA, Martsching GA, Carlson ON. Electrotransport of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in lanthanum. J Less Common Met. 1979;68:75.
Wu R. Study on Preparation Technique of High Purity Gadolinium. Bei**g: General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals; 2012. 35.
Xu GX. Rare Earth. Bei**g: Metallurgical Industry Press; 1978. 56.
Hu GX, Cai X. Fundamentals of Materials Science. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press; 2000. 119.
Weins WN, Carlson ON. Diffusion and electrotransport of iron, cobalt and nickel in thorium metal. J Less Common Met. 1979;66:99.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2017YFB0405900, 2017YFB0405901 and 2017YFB0405902) and Bei**g **cheng District Talents Project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhong, JM., Chen, DH., Pang, SM. et al. Migration regularities of impurities C, O, Fe, Co and Ni and effect of crystal transition on C, O and Fe in purification of metal La by solid-state electrotransport. Rare Met. 40, 2985–2992 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-020-01573-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-020-01573-4