Abstract
Two plugs of phoscorite (1.4 km × 1.6 km) covering 3 km2 are reported in association with carbonatite and syenite complex for the first time from the Koppal alkaline complex (2528±9 Ma) Eastern Dharwar craton. Evidences of mingling and late magmatic alteration within the magmatic units of the complex are ubiquitous, as observed between Budihalu and Dombarahalli southwest of Koppal Town. Phoscorite variants are variably enriched in REE. Phoscorite variants analyzed REO (T) (+Y2O3) content ranging from 1002 to 6357ppm with P2O5 ranging from 2.46 to 13.40wt%. Highest concentration of REO(T) (9402ppm) and phosphates (33.81wt% P2O5) have been reported from apatite phoscorite west of Dombarahalli. Regolith zones over phoscorite containing REO(T) up to 6029 ppm with maximum P2O5 of 1.20 wt% have been noticed. Estimated resource as per UNFC-333 in regolith zones developed over phoscorite is 3300t with 0.2% REO(T) cutoff (over 0.34sq. km area) with an average grade of 0.38% REO(T). The resources were estimated on the basis of grid-wise regolith sampling with a spacing of 200 m X 400m. LREE is the dominant constituent in regolith zones over phoscorite, represented by allanite, britholite and parisite. Allanite also occurs as separate phases besides as rim around apatite and inclusions. However, this association is decoupled in the weathering regime and REEs are enriched in weathered silicate clay fractions over carbonatite zone. Secondary REE with partially altered silicates like diopside, pargasite, hornblende, actinolite, clinochlore with sub-ordinate vermiculite, saponite in fines indicate moderate weathering conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Appanagoudar, S.M. (1973) Granites, syenite and the associated rocks of Koppal area, Raichur district. Mysore state, thesis submitted to the Karnatak University, Dharwar unpublished PhD thesis.
Basu, S.K. (1993) Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex in Precambrian of south Purulia shear zone, eastern India: Its characteristics and mineral potentialities, Indian Minerals, v.47(3), pp.179–194.
Bulakh, A.G. and Ivanikov, V.V. (1984) The Problems of Mineralogy and Petrology of Carbonatites. Leningrad State University, Leningrad, Russia, 230p.
Chadwick, B., Hegde, G. V., Nutman Allen, P and Vasudev, V.N. (2001) Syenite emplacement during accretion of the Late-Archaean Dharwar Batholith, South India: SHRIMP U / Pb age and structure of the Koppal pluton. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.58, pp.381–39.
Egorov, L.S. (1992) Phoscorites of Maymeicha-Kotuiijolite-Carbonatite complex Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, v.121(3), pp.13–26.
Ghosh Roy, A.K. (1986) Structure, Petrology and geochemistry of the alkali syenites of Koppal, Raichur district, Karnataka. Geol. Surv. India, Unpubld. report, F.S.: 1994–96 bearing the Accession No. SRO-9547 uploaded in http://www.gsi.gov.in.
Ghosh Roy and Sen Gupta (1988) Alkaline carbonatitic magmatism and associated mineralization along Porapahar-Tamar Lineament in Proterozoics at Purulia District, West Bengal, India. Abstract. Int.Conf. on Metallogeny related to tectonics of the Proterozoic Mobile Belts, IGCP, 247, 38p.
Gokaran, S.G., Gupta, G. and Rao, C.K. (2004) Geoelectric structure of the Dharwar Craton from magnetotelluric studies: Archean suture identified along the Chitradurga-Gadag schist belt. Geophys. Jour., v.158(2), pp.712–728.
Hellman, P. and Duncan Robert. (2018) Evaluating Rare Earth Element deposits. Article in ASEG Extended Abstracts, doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/ASEG2018abT4-3E.
Hoffman, A.H. (1988) Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.90, pp.297–314.
Kaila, K.L., Roy Chowdhury, K., Reddy, P.R., Krishna, V.G., Hari Narian, Subbotin, S.I., Sollogub, V.B., Chekunov, C., Kharachetko, G.E., Lazarenko, M.A. and Ilchenko, T.V. (1979) Crustal Structure along the Kavali-Udipi profile in the Indian Peninsular Shield from deep seismic sounding. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.20, pp.307–330.
Karchevsky, P.I. and Moutte, J. (2004) The phoscorite-carbonatite complex of Vuoriyarvi, northern Karelia. In: F. Wall and A.N. Zaitsev (Eds.), Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine: the Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province (Mineralogical Society Series, v.10, Mineral. Soc., London, pp. 163–199.
Krasnova, N. I., Petrov, T. G., Balaganskaya, E. G., Garcia, D., Moutte, J., Zaitsev, A.N. and Wall, F. (2004) Introduction to phoscorites: occurrence, composition, nomenclature and petrogenesis In: F. Wall and A.N. Zaitsev (Eds.), Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine: The Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province (Mineralogical Society Series), v.10 Mineral. Soc., London, pp.45–74
Lapin, A.V. (1979) Mineral paragenesis in apatite ores and carbonatites of the Seblyavr complex. Int. Geol. Rev., v.21, pp.1043–1052.
Mangesh, B.S., Jitendra, M. and Santhosh, T.I. (2014) Geochemical map** in parts of Koppaldistrict, Karnataka, Toposheet no. 57A/3 and B3 quadrant of 57B/10. Geol. Surv. India, Unpubld. report.
Petrov, S.V. (2004) Economic deposits associated with the alkaline and ultrabasic complexes of the Kola Peninsula. In: F. Wall and A.N. Zaitsev (Eds.), Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine: the Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province. Mineralogical Society Series, v.10 Mineral. Soc., London, pp.469–490.
Ramakrishnan, M. and Vaidyanadhan, R. (2008) Geology of India, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, v.2(1), 556p.
Reshma, K and Paradkar Trigun, T. (2018) Reconnaissance survey for delineating the REE bearing zone around Koppal syenite, Koppal District, Karnataka (UNFC-stage G-4). Geol. Surv. India, Unpubld. report F.S. 2017–18 bearing the Accession No. SRO-15291 uploaded in http://www.gsi.gov.in.
Reshma K, Paradkar, Trigun, T. and Nibin G. Tom (2020) A First report of Phoscorite occurrence from Budihalu area, Koppal district, Karnataka. Geol. Surv. India, Southern Region, E-news 2019–2020, v.36, pp.26–27.
Reshma, K. and Paradkar Trigun, T. (2021) Report on Preliminary exploration for Rare Earth Element mineralization in regolith zones over pyroxenite and syenite rocks near Budihalu, Koppal district, Karnataka (UNFC G-3 stage). Geol. Surv. India, Unpubld. report, FS. 2019–20 bearing the Accession No SRO-15702 uploaded in http://www.gsi.gov.in.
Rogers, J.J.W. (1986) Dharwar craton and assembly of Peninsular India. Jour. Geol., v.94, pp.129–143.
Russell, H.D., Hiemstra, S.A. and Groeneveld, D. (1954) The mineralogy and petrology of the carbonatite at Loolekop, Eastern Transvaal. Trans. Geol. Soc. South Africa, v.57, pp.197–208.
Sadashivaiah, M.S. and Appanagoudar, S.M. (1972) Pyroxene syenite from Koppal, Raichur district, Mysore state. Curr. Sci., v.5(5), pp.182–183.
Sengupta, S. and Roy, A. (2012) Tectonic amalgamation of crustal blocks along Gadag-Mandya Shear Zone in Dharwar Craton of southern India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.80(1), pp.75–88.
Venkoba Rao (1968) Geological map** in parts of Koppal and Yelbarga Taluks, Raichur district, Mysore state (Parts of Toposheet No. 57A/3/, 57A/4 and 57A/NW); Geol. Surv. India, Unpubld. Reports.
Vernon, R.H. (2008) A Practical guide to Rock Microstructure. Cambridge University Press, Re-printed Edition, London, 594p.
Yegorov, L.S. (1993) Phoscorites of the Maymecha-Kotuyijolite-carbonatite association Int. Geol. Rev., v.35, pp.346–358.
Acknowledgement
This work is an outcome of reconnaissance survey carried out as part of Geological Survey of India field season programme 2017–18 and 2019–20 of state unit Karnataka and Goa, Bengaluru. We express our sincere thanks to Shri Janardan Prasad, ADG & HoD, Southern Region, GSI and Dr. S. Ravi, Dy. Director General, SU: Karnataka and Goa for providing technical and administration support, guidance, constructive suggestions and encouragement. The authors express their gratitude to NCEGR, Bengaluru for providing laboratory support for petrology, EPMA, XRD studies and to the officers of Chemical Division, SR, Hyderabad for chemical analysis and mineral physics laboratory, CR, Nagpur for clay studies. Two anonymous reviewers are also thanked for their valuable suggestions in improving the quality of the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reshma, K., Paradkar Trigun, T. & Tom, N.G. Rare Earth Mineralization in Regolith Zones of the Neoarchean Phoscorite from the Carbonatite-syenite Complex, Dombarahalli Area, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Koppal District, Karnataka. J Geol Soc India 98, 1114–1120 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2131-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2131-x