Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has become a popular area of study for making biomimetic hydrogels to treat bone diseases. In this work, we looked at biocompatible hydrogels that can be injected into bone defects that require the smallest possible surgery. Mineral ions can be attached to polymer chains to make useful hydrogels that help bones heal faster. These ions are very important for the balance of the body. In the chemically-triggered sector, advanced hydrogels cross-linked by different molecular agents have many advantages, such as being selective, able to form gels, and having mechanical properties that can be modified. In addition, different photo-initiators can be used to make photo cross linkable hydrogels react quickly and moderately under certain light bands. Enzyme-triggered hydrogels are another type of hydrogel that can be used to repair bone tissue because they are biocompatible and gel quickly. We also look at some of the important factors mentioned above that could change how well bone tissue engineering works as a therapy. Finally, this review summarizes the problems that still need to be solved to make clinically relevant hydrogels.
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Abbreviations
- IL-1:
-
Interleukin-1
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- MSCs:
-
Mesenchymal stem cell
- MMPs:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- BMSC:
-
Bone marrow-derived stem cell
- PLGA:
-
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PNIPAAm:
-
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- HA:
-
Hyaluronic acid
- RA:
-
Rheumatoid arthritis
- TA:
-
Tannic acid
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- BPNs:
-
Black phosphorus nanosheets
- PLA:
-
Poly caprolactone
- DDS:
-
Drug delivery system
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Zahra Ebrahimvand Dibazar: conceptualization, investigation, and writing—original draft. Hadi Kokabi, Mehdi Shahgolzari, Meysam Mohammadikhah, Shamam Kareem Oudah, and Milad Elyasi: investigation and writing—original/revised draft. Mahdi Azizy, Hadi Kokabi, and Leila Delnabi Asl: writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, and project administration. All co-authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Dibazar, Z.E., Zarei, M., Mohammadikhah, M. et al. Crosslinking strategies for biomimetic hydrogels in bone tissue engineering. Biophys Rev 15, 2027–2040 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-023-01141-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-023-01141-x