Abstract
Polysaccharides, the most diverse forms of organic molecules in nature, exhibit a large number of different biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, radioprotective, antioxidant, regenerative, metabolic, signaling, antitumor, and anticoagulant. The reaction of cells to a polysaccharide is determined by its specific interaction with receptors present on the cell surface, the type of cells, and their condition. The effect of many polysaccharides depends non-linearly on their concentration. The same polysaccharide in different conditions can have very different effects on cells and organisms, up to the opposite; therefore, when conducting studies of the biological activity of polysaccharides, both for the purpose of develo** new drugs or approaches to the treatment of patients, and in order to clarify the features of intracellular processes, information about already known research results is needed. There is a lot of scattered data on the biological activities of polysaccharides, but there are few reviews that would consider natural polysaccharides from various sources and possible molecular mechanisms of their action. The purpose of this review is to present the main results published at different times in order to facilitate the search for information necessary for conducting relevant studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable
References
Acton SE, Astarita JL, Malhotra D, Lukacs-Kornek V, Franz B, Hess PR, Jakus Z, Kuligowski M, Fletcher AL, Elpek KG, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Sceats L, Reynoso ED, Gonzalez SF, Graham DB, Chang J, Peters A, Woodruff M, Kim YA et al (2012) Podoplanin-rich stromal networks induce dendritic cell motility via activation of the C-type lectin receptor CLEC-2. Immunity 37(2):276–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.022
Baert K, Sonck E, Goddeeris BM, Devriendt B, Cox E (2015) Cell type-specific differences in β-glucan recognition and signalling in porcine innate immune cells. Dev Comp Immunol 48(1):192–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.005
Barreto J, Karathanasis SK, Remaley A, Sposito AC (2021) Role of LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1) as a cardiovascular risk predictor: mechanistic insight and potential clinical use. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 41(1):153–166. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315421
Brown GD (2006) Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 6(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1745
Brown GD, Gordon S (2003) Fungal beta-glucans and mammalian immunity. Immunity 19(3):311–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00233-4
Brown GD, Willment JA, Whitehead L (2018) C-type lectins in immunity and homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 18(6):374–389. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-018-0004-8
Chan GC, Chan WK, Sze DM (2009) The effects of beta-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol 2:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-2-25
Chatwell L, Holla A, Kaufer BB, Skerra A (2008) The carbohydrate recognition domain of Langerin reveals high structural similarity with the one of DC-SIGN but an additional, calcium-independent sugar-binding site. Mol Immunol Apr 45(7):1981–1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.030
Chen H, Cai H, Chen L, Wu X, Li D (2011) N-glycan-defective breast cancer cells induce a phenotypic switch in polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Clin Invest Med 34(2):E71-81. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim
Chiba S, Ikushima H, Ueki H, Yanai H, Kimura Y, Hangai S, Nishio J, Negishi H, Tamura T, Saijo S, Iwakura Y, Taniguchi T (2014) Recognition of tumor cells by Dectin-1 orchestrates innate immune cells for anti-tumor responses. Elife 3:e04177. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04177
Chiffoleau E (2018) C-Type lectin-like receptors as emerging orchestrators of sterile inflammation represent potential therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 9:227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00227
Choi S (2018) Encyclopedia of signaling molecules. Springer Cham P. 6060. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4
Cramer J (2021) Medicinal chemistry of the myeloid C-type lectin receptors Mincle, Langerin, and DC-SIGN. RSC Med Chem 12(12):1985–2000. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00238D
Cummings RD (2022) The mannose receptor ligands and the macrophage glycome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 75:102394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102394
Daley D, Mani VR, Mohan N, Akkad N, Ochi A, Heindel DW, Lee KB, Zambirinis CP, Pandian GSB, Savadkar S, Torres-Hernandez A, Nayak S, Wang D, Hundeyin M, Diskin B, Aykut B, Werba G, Barilla RM, Rodriguez R et al (2017) Dectin 1 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance. Nat Med 23(5):556–567. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4314
de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, Fluitsma D, de Jong MA, de Gruijl T, Piguet V, van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TB (2007) Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells. Nat Med 13(3):367–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1541
Demir G, Klein HO, Mandel-Molinas N, Tuzuner N (2007) Beta glucan induces proliferation and activation of monocytes in peripheral blood of patients with advanced breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 7(1):113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.011
den Dunnen J, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TB (2009) Innate signaling by the C-type lectin DC-SIGN dictates immune responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 58(7):1149–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-008-0615-1
Dhakal S, Dey M (2022) Resistant starch type-4 intake alters circulating bile acids in human subjects. Front Nutr Sec Nutrigenomics 9:930414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.930414
Díaz-Montes E (2022) Polysaccharides: sources, characteristics, properties, and their application in biodegradable films. Polysaccharides 3(3):480–501. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3030029
Elder MJ, Webster SJ, Chee R, Williams DL, Hill Gaston JS, Goodall JC (2017) β-Glucan size controls Dectin-1-mediated immune responses in human dendritic cells by regulating IL-1β production. Front Immunol 8:791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00791
El-Zayat SR, Sibaii H, Mannaa FA (2019) Toll-like receptors activation, signaling, and targeting: an overview. Bull Natl Res Cent 43:187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0227-2
Evans SE, Hahn PY, McCann F, Kottom TJ, Pavlovic’ ZV, Limper AH (2005) Pneumocystis cell wall beta-glucans stimulate alveolar epithelial cell chemokine generation through nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent mechanisms. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 32(6):490–497. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2004-0300OC
Feinberg H, Jégouzo SAF, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Drickamer K, Weis WI, Taylor ME (2021) Structural analysis of carbohydrate binding by the macrophage mannose receptor CD206. J Biol Chem 296:100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100368
Feinberg H, Park-Snyder S, Kolatkar AR, Heise CT, Taylor ME, Weis WI (2000) Structure of a C-type carbohydrate recognition domain from the macrophage mannose receptor. J Biol Chem 275(28):21539–21548. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M002366200
Feinberg H, Taylor ME, Razi N, McBride R, Knirel YA, Graham SA, Drickamer K, Weis WI (2011) Structural basis for Langerin recognition of diverse pathogen and mammalian glycans through a single binding site. J Mol Biol 405(4):1027–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2010.11.039
Fiete DJ, Beranek MC, Baenziger JU (1998) A cysteine-rich domain of the “mannose” receptor mediates GalNAc-4-SO4 binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(5):2089–2093. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2089
Fuller GL, Williams JA, Tomlinson MG, Eble JA, Hanna SL, Pöhlmann S, Suzuki-Inoue K, Ozaki Y, Watson SP, Pearce AC (2007) The C-type lectin receptors CLEC-2 and Dectin-1, but not DC-SIGN, signal via a novel YXXL-dependent signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 282(17):12397–12409. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M609558200
Gabba A, Bogucka A, Luz JG, Diniz A, Coelho H, Corzana F, Cañada FJ, Marcelo F, Murphy PV, Birrane G (2021) Crystal structure of the carbohydrate recognition domain of the human macrophage galactose C-type lectin bound to GalNAc and the tumor-associated Tn antigen. Biochemistry 60(17):1327–1336. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00009
Generalov EA, Afremova AI (2016) The molecular mechanism of the action of Helianthus tuberosus L. polysaccharide. Biophysics 61(4):558–564. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350916040096
Generalov EA, Levashova NT, Sidorova AE, Chumakov PM, Yakovenko LV (2017) An autowave model of the bifurcation behavior of transformed cells in response to polysaccharide. Biophysics 62:717–721. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350917050086
Girard R, Pedron T, Uematsu S, Balloy V, Chignard M, Akira S, Chaby R (2003) Lipopolysaccharides from Legionella and Rhizobium stimulate mouse bone marrow granulocytes via Toll-like receptor 2. J Cell Sci 116(Pt 2):293–302. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00212
Goodridge HS, Wolf AJ, Underhill DM (2009) Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system. Immunol Rev 230(1):38–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x
Gordon S (2002) Pattern recognition receptors: doubling up for the innate immune response. Cell 111(7):927–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01201-1
Gringhuis SI, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, van der Vlist M, Wevers B, Bruijns SC, Geijtenbeek TB (2009) Dectin-1 directs T helper cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-kappaB activation through Raf-1 and Syk. Nat Immunol 10(2):203–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1692
Gringhuis SI, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, van Het Hof B, van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TB (2007) C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Immunity 26(5):605–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.012
Gucciardo F, Pirson S, Baudin L, Lebeau A, Noël A (2022) uPARAP/Endo180: a multifaceted protein of mesenchymal cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 79(5):255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04249-7
Gupta GS (2012) Animal lectins: form, function and clinical applications. Springer Vienna, p 1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2
Haas T, Heidegger S, Wintges A, Bscheider M, Bek S, Fischer JC, Eisenkolb G, Schmickl M, Spoerl S, Peschel C, Poeck H, Ruland J (2017) Card9 controls Dectin-1-induced T-cell cytotoxicity and tumor growth in mice. Eur J Immunol 47(5):872–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201646775
Han B, Baruah K, Cox E, Vanrompay D, Bossier P (2020) Structure-functional activity relationship of β-glucans from the perspective of immunomodulation: a mini-review. Front Immunol 11:658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00658
Hanashima S, Ikeda A, Tanaka H, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi Y (2014) NMR study of short β(1-3)-glucans provides insights into the structure and interaction with Dectin-1. Glycoconj J 31(3):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-013-9510-x
Hanč P, Iborra S, Zelenay S, Blijswijk J, Sancho D, Sousa C (2016) DNGR-1, an F-actin-binding C-type lectin receptor involved in cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens by dendritic cells. In: Yamasaki S (ed) C-Type Lectin Receptors in Immunity. Springer, Tokyo, pp 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56015-9_5
Hardison SE, Brown GD (2012) C-type lectin receptors orchestrate antifungal immunity. Nat Immunol Sep 13(9):817–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2369
Hirao K, Igarashi K, Fukuda H, Endo Y (2000) Comparisons of effects of raw and gelatinized sago and tapioca starches on serum and liver lipid concentrations in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 46(1):7–14. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.46.7
Hong F, Yan J, Baran JT, Allendorf DJ, Hansen RD, Ostroff GR, **ng PX, Cheung NK, Ross GD (2004) Mechanism by which orally administered beta-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. J Immunol 173(2):797–806. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.797
Howard MJ, Isacke CM (2002) The C-type lectin receptor Endo180 displays internalization and recycling properties distinct from other members of the mannose receptor family. J Biol Chem 277(35):32320–32331. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M203631200
Hu HC, Zhang W, **ong PY, Song L, Jia B, Liu XL (2022) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of astragalus polysaccharide in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Front Pharmacol 13:1043236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1043236
Huysamen C, Brown GD (2009) The fungal pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1, and the associated cluster of C-type lectin-like receptors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 290(2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01418.x
Huysamen C, Willment JA, Dennehy KM, Brown GD (2008) CLEC9A is a novel activation C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on BDCA3+ dendritic cells and a subset of monocytes. J Biol Chem 283(24):16693–16701. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M709923200
Ishikawa E, Ishikawa T, Morita YS, Toyonaga K, Yamada H, Takeuchi O, Kinoshita T, Akira S, Yoshikai Y, Yamasaki S (2009) Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle. J Exp Med 206(13):2879–2888. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20091750
Iwabuchi K, Nagaoka I (2002) Lactosylceramide-enriched glycosphingolipid signaling domain mediates superoxide generation from human neutrophils. Blood 100(4):1454–1464. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V100.4.1454.h81602001454_1454_1464
Iwabuchi K, Nakayama H, Oizumi A, Suga Y, Ogawa H, Takamori K (2015) Role of ceramide from glycosphingolipids and its metabolites in immunological and inflammatory responses in humans. Mediators Inflamm 2015:120748. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/120748
Jégouzo SA, Feinberg H, Dungarwalla T, Drickamer K, Weis WI, Taylor ME (2015) A novel mechanism for binding of galactose-terminated glycans by the C-type carbohydrate recognition domain in blood dendritic cell antigen 2. J Biol Chem 290(27):16759–16771. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.660613
Ji X, Olinger GG, Aris S, Chen Y, Gewurz H, Spear GT (2005) Mannose-binding lectin binds to Ebola and Marburg envelope glycoproteins, resulting in blocking of virus interaction with DC-SIGN and complement-mediated virus neutralization. J Gen Virol 86(Pt 9):2535–2542. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81199-0
Jiang D, Liang J, Noble PW (2011) Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases. Physiol Rev 91(1):221–264. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00052.2009
Kang YM, Lee KY, An HJ (2018) Inhibitory effects of Helianthus tuberosus ethanol extract on Dermatophagoides farina body-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model and human keratinocytes. Nutrients 10(11):1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111657
Kawai T, Akira S (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immuno 11(5):373–384. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1863
Kerrigan AM, Brown GD (2011) Syk-coupled C-type lectins in immunity. Trends Immunol 32(4):151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2011.01.002
Kerscher B, Willment JA, Brown GD (2013) The Dectin-2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors: an update. Int Immunol 25(5):271–277. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxt006
Koehler H, Puchalski K, Ruiz G, Jacobs B, Langland J (2020) The role of endophytic/epiphytic bacterial constituents in the immunostimulatory activity of the botanical, Astragalus membranaceus. Yale J Biol Med 93(2):239–250
Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S (2011) Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol 30(1):16–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2010.529976
Kumar S, Kumar R (2019) Role of acemannan O-acetyl group in murine radioprotection. Carbohydr Polym 207:460–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.003
Kuo J-W, Prestwich GD (2011) Hyaluronic acid. In: Ducheyne P (ed) Comprehensive Biomaterials, vol 2. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam, pp 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-055294-1.00073-8
Leontowicz M, Gorinstein S, Bartnikowska E, Leontowicz H, Kulasek G, Trakhtenberg S (2001) Sugar beet pulp and apple pomace dietary fibers improve lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol. Food Chem 72(1):73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00207-7
Lester SN, Li K (2014) Toll-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity. J Mol Biol 426(6):1246–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.024
Li B, Allendorf DJ, Hansen R, Marroquin J, Ding C, Cramer DE, Yan J (2006) Yeast beta-glucan amplifies phagocyte killing of iC3b-opsonized tumor cells via complement receptor 3-Syk-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. J Immunol 177(3):1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1661
Li D, Wu M (2021) Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6(1):291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00687-0
Li K, Cao YX, Jiao SM, Du GH, Du YG, Qin XM (2020) Structural characterization and immune activity screening of polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Astragali radix. Front Pharmacol 11:582091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.582091
Li X, Jiang S, Tap** RI (2010) Toll-like receptor signaling in cell proliferation and survival. Cytokine 49(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.010
Liu C, Cui Y, Pi F, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H (2019) Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities and pharmacological applications of acemannan, a polysaccharide from Aloe vera: a Review. Molecules 24(8):1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081554
Lopez Robles MD, Pallier A, Huchet V, Le Texier L, Remy S, Braudeau C, Delbos L, Moreau A, Louvet C, Brosseau C, Royer PJ, Magnan A, Halary F, Josien R, Cuturi MC, Anegon I, Chiffoleau E (2017) Cell-surface C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-1 dampens dendritic cell activation and downstream Th17 responses. Blood Adv 1(9):557–568. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2016002360
Marakalala MJ, Kerrigan AM, Brown GD (2011) Dectin-1: a role in antifungal defense and consequences of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Mamm Genome 22(1-2):55–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-010-9277-3
Mariadoss AVA, Park S, Saravanakumar K, Sathiyaseelan A, Wang M-H (2021) Ethyl acetate fraction of Helianthus tuberosus L. induces anti-diabetic, and wound-healing activities in insulin-resistant human liver cancer and mouse fibroblast cells. Antioxidants (1):10, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010099
Mitchell DA, Fadden AJ, Drickamer K (2001) A novel mechanism of carbohydrate recognition by the C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Subunit organization and binding to multivalent ligands. J Biol Chem 276(31):28939–28945. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M104565200
Modak S, Koehne G, Vickers A, O'Reilly RJ, Cheung NK (2005) Rituximab therapy of lymphoma is enhanced by orally administered (1-->3),(1-->4)-D-beta-glucan. Leuk Res 29(6):679–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2004.10.008
Motta V, Soares F, Sun T, Philpott DJ (2015) NOD-like receptors: versatile cytosolic sentinels. Physiol Rev 95(1):149–178. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00009.2014
Murugaiah V, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U (2020) Collectins: innate immune pattern recognition molecules. Adv Exp Med Biol 1204:75–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_4
Naor D (2016) Editorial: interaction between hyaluronic acid and its receptors (CD44, RHAMM) regulates the activity of inflammation and cancer. Front Immunol 7:39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00039
Navarro DMDL, Abelilla JJ, Stein HH (2019) Structures and characteristics of carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs: a review. J Animal Sci Biotechnol 10:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0345-6
Nedvetzki S, Gonen E, Assayag N, Reich R, Williams RO, Thurmond RL, Huang JF, Neudecker BA, Wang FS, Turley EA, Naor D (2004) RHAMM, a receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility, compensates for CD44 in inflamed CD44-knockout mice: a different interpretation of redundancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(52):18081–18086. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407378102
Ni Y, Tizard IR (2004) Analytical methodology: the gel-analysis of Aloe pulp and its derivatives. In: Reynolds T (ed) Aloes the Genus Aloe. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 111–126
Oba K, Kobayashi M, Matsui T, Kodera Y, Sakamoto J (2009) Individual patient based meta-analysis of lentinan for unresectable/recurrent gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 29(7):2739–2745
Oh S, Joo H (2015) LOX-1 boosts immunity. Oncotarget 6(26):21763–21764. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4756
O’Neill LA, Golenbock D, Bowie AG (2013) The history of Toll-like receptors - redefining innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 13(6):453–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3446
Ostrop J, Lang R (2017) Contact, collaboration, and conflict: signal integration of Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptors. J Immunol 198(4):1403–1414. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601665
Popay I (2014) Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke). CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.26716
Quintin J (2019) Fungal mediated innate immune memory, what have we learned? Semin Cell Dev Biol 89:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.023
Reid DM, Gow NA, Brown GD (2009) Pattern recognition: recent insights from Dectin-1. Curr Opin Immunol 21(1):30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2009.01.003
Rice PJ, Kelley JL, Kogan G, Ensley HE, Kalbfleisch JH, Browder IW, Williams DL (2002) Human monocyte scavenger receptors are pattern recognition receptors for (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans. J Leukoc Biol 72(1):140–146. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.72.1.140
Röck J, Schneider E, Grün JR, Grützkau A, Küppers R, Schmitz J, Winkels G (2007) CD303 (BDCA-2) signals in plasmacytoid dendritic cells via a BCR-like signalosome involving Syk, Slp65 and PLCgamma2. Eur J Immunol 37(12):3564–3575. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200737711
Rosenberg WM, Prince C, Kaklamanis L, Fox SB, Jackson DG, Simmons DL, Chapman RW, Trowell JM, Jewell DP, Bell JI (1995) Increased expression of CD44v6 and CD44v3 in ulcerative colitis but not colonic Crohn’s disease. Lancet 345(8959):1205–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91991-0
Rubel IA, Perez EE, Genovese DB, Manrique GD (2014) In vitro prebiotic activity of inulin-rich carbohydrat() es extracted from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers at different storage times by Lactobacillus paracasei. Food Res Int 62:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.02.024
Sancho D, Reis e Sousa C (2012) Signaling by myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 30:491–529. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101352
Sándor N, Lukácsi S, Ungai-Salánki R, Orgován N, Szabó B, Horváth R, Erdei A, Bajtay Z (2016) CD11c/CD18 dominates adhesion of human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells over CD11b/CD18. PLoS One 11(9):e0163120. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163120
Schneider M, Zimmermann AG, Roberts RA, Zhang L, Swanson KV, Wen H, Davis BK, Allen IC, Holl EK, Ye Z, Rahman AH, Conti BJ, Eitas TK, Koller BH, Ting JP (2012) The innate immune sensor NLRC3 attenuates Toll-like receptor signaling via modification of the signaling adaptor TRAF6 and transcription factor NF-κB. Nat Immunol 13(9):823–831. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2378
Seifert L, Deutsch M, Alothman S, Alqunaibit D, Werba G, Pansari M, Pergamo M, Ochi A, Torres-Hernandez A, Levie E, Tippens D, Greco SH, Tiwari S, Ly NNG, Eisenthal A, van Heerden E, Avanzi A, Barilla R, Zambirinis CP et al (2015) Dectin-1 regulates hepatic fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressing TLR4 signaling pathways. Cell Rep 13(9):1909–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.058
Shao BM, Xu W, Dai H, Tu P, Li Z, Gao XM (2004) A study on the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320(4):1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.065
Shoaib M, Shehzad A, Omar M, Rakha A, Raza H, Sharif HR, Shakeel A, Ansari A, Niazi S (2016) Inulin: properties, health benefits and food applications. Carbohydr Polym 147:444–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.020
Sier CF, Gelderman KA, Prins FA, Gorter A (2004) Beta-glucan enhanced killing of renal cell carcinoma micrometastases by monoclonal antibody G250 directed complement activation. Int J Cancer 109(6):900–908. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20029
Sindhu RK, Goyal A, Das J, Neha CS, Kumar P (2021) Immunomodulatory potential of polysaccharides derived from plants and microbes: a narrative review. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl 2:100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100044
Singh SK, Sharma PK, Kumar N, Dudhe R (2010) Biological activities of Aloe vera. J Pharm Technol 2(3):259–280.
Stier H, Ebbeskotte V, Gruenwald J (2014) Immune-modulatory effects of dietary yeast beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan. Nutr J 13:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-38
Sun L, Wang L, Zhou Y (2012) Immunomodulation and antitumor activities of different-molecular-weight polysaccharides from Porphyridium cruentum. Carbohydr Polym 87(2):1206–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.097
Sun Y, Ma X, Hu H (2021) Marine polysaccharides as a versatile biomass for the construction of nano drug delivery systems. Mar Drugs 19(6):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060345
Taban Q, Mumtaz PT, Masoodi KZ, Haq E, Ahmad SM (2022) Scavenger receptors in host defense: from functional aspects to mode of action. Cell Commun Signal 20(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-021-00812-0
Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Mühlradt PF, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda K, Akira S (2001) Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 13(7):933–940. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/13.7.933
Takeuchi O, Sato S, Horiuchi T, Hoshino K, Takeda K, Dong Z, Modlin RL, Akira S (2002) Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins. J Immunol 169(1):10–14. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.10
Taylor ME, Drickamer K (1993) Structural requirements for high affinity binding of complex ligands by the macrophage mannose receptor. J Biol Chem 268(1):399–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54164-8
Taylor ME, Drickamer K, Imberty A, van Kooyk Y, Schnaar RL, Etzler ME, Varki A (2022) Discovery and classification of glycan-binding proteins. In: Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD (eds) 4th edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Chapter 28, Cold Spring Harbor (NY). https://doi.org/10.1101/glycobiology.4e.28
Taylor PR, Brown GD, Reid DM, Willment JA, Martinez-Pomares L, Gordon S, Wong SY (2002) The beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of the monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil lineages. J Immunol 169(7):3876–3882. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3876
Taylor PR, Martinez-Pomares L, Stacey M, Lin HH, Brown GD, Gordon S (2005) Macrophage receptors and immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 23:901–944. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115816
Thunyakitpisal P, Ruangpornvisuti V, Kengkwasing P, Chokboribal J, Sangvanich P (2017) Acemannan increases NF-κB/DNA binding and IL-6/-8 expression by selectively binding Toll-like receptor-5 in human gingival fibroblasts. Carbohydr Polym 161:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.034
Underhill DM, Ozinsky A, Hajjar AM, Stevens A, Wilson CB, Bassetti M, Aderem A (1999) The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens. Nature 401(6755):811–815. https://doi.org/10.1038/44605
van den Berg LM, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Richters CD, Ulrich MM, Geijtenbeek TB (2014) Dectin-1 activation induces proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes enhancing wound re-epithelialization. Cell Immunol 289(1–2):49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.03.007
van der Zande H, Nitsche D, Schlautmann L, Guigas B, Burgdorf S (2021) The mannose receptor: from endocytic receptor and biomarker to regulator of (meta)inflammation. Front Immunol 12:765034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.765034
van Vliet SJ, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y (2006a) Regulation of effector T cells by antigen-presenting cells via interaction of the C-type lectin MGL with CD45. Nat Immunol 7(11):1200–1208. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1390
van Vliet SJ, Saeland E, van Kooyk Y (2008) Sweet preferences of MGL: carbohydrate specificity and function. Trends Immunol 29(2):83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2007.10.010
van Vliet SJ, van Liempt E, Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y (2006b) Differential regulation of C-type lectin expression on tolerogenic dendritic cell subsets. Immunobiology 211(6-8):577–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2006.05.022
Vetvicka V, Thornton BP, Ross GD (1996) Soluble beta-glucan polysaccharide binding to the lectin site of neutrophil or natural killer cell complement receptor type 3 (CD11b/CD18) generates a primed state of the receptor capable of mediating cytotoxicity of iC3b-opsonized target cells. J Clin Invest 98(1):50–61. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI118777
Wakshull E, Brunke-Reese D, Lindermuth J, Fisette L, Nathans RS, Crowley JJ, Tufts JC, Zimmerman J, Mackin W, Adams DS (1999) PGG-glucan, a soluble beta-(1,3)-glucan, enhances the oxidative burst response, microbicidal activity, and activates an NF-kappa B-like factor in human PMN: evidence for a glycosphingolipid beta-(1,3)-glucan receptor. Immunopharmacol 41(2):89–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0162-3109(98)00059-9
Wan X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yin Y, Cai X, Gao L, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhou C (2022) Antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus of polysaccharide from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). Biomed Res Int 2022:1809879. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1809879
Wang JM, Sun XY, Ouyang J (2018) Structural characterization, antioxidant activity, and biomedical application of Astragalus polysaccharide degradation products. Int J Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5136185
Wang Z, Liu Z, Zhou L, Long T, Zhou X, Bao Y (2017) Immunomodulatory effect of APS and PSP is mediated by Ca2+-cAMP and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophage. Int J Biol Macromol 94(Pt A):283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.018
Weis WI, Drickamer K (1996) Structural basis of lectin-carbohydrate recognition. Annu Rev Biochem 65:441–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.002301
Xu H, Tian Y, Yuan X, Wu H, Liu Q, Pestell RG, Wu K (2015) The role of CD44 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer development. Onco Targets Ther 8:3783–3792. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S95470
Yamasaki S, Matsumoto M, Takeuchi O, Matsuzawa T, Ishikawa E, Sakuma M, Tateno H, Uno J, Hirabayashi J, Mikami Y, Takeda K, Akira S, Saito T (2009) C-type lectin Mincle is an activating receptor for pathogenic fungus, Malassezia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(6):1897–1902. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805177106
Yan J, Allendorf DJ, Li B, Yan R, Hansen R, Donev R (2008) The role of membrane complement regulatory proteins in cancer immunotherapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 632:159–174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01074
Yu H, Ha T, Liu L, Wang X, Gao M, Kelley J, Kao R, Williams D, Li C (2012) Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is required for LPS-induced TLR4 mediated NF-κB activation in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1823(7):1192–1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.004
Zelensky AN, Gready JE (2005) The C-type lectin-like domain superfamily. FEBS J 272(24):6179–6217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05031.x
Zhang CH, Yu Y, Liang YZ, Chen XQ (2015) Purification, partial characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Int J Biol Macromol 79:681–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.060
Zhang X, Yao K, Ren L, Chen T, Yao D (2016) Protective effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on endothelial progenitor cells injured by thrombin. Int J Biol Macromo 82:711–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.051
Zhao Y, Chu X, Chen J et al (2016) Dectin-1-activated dendritic cells trigger potent antitumour immunity through the induction of Th9 cells. Nat Commun 7:12368. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12368
Zhao Z, Yang Y, Liu Z, Chen H, Guan X, Jiang Z, Yang M, Liu H, Chen T, Gao Y, Zou S, Wang X (2022) Prognostic and immunotherapeutic significance of mannose receptor C type II in 33 cancers: an integrated analysis. Front Mol Biosci 9:951636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.951636
Zheng Y, Ren W, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu D, Liu Y (2020) A review of the pharmacological action of Astragalus polysaccharide. Front Pharmacol 11:349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00349
Zhou H, Li B, Wu M, Liu Y (2019) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) during overwintering. E3S Web Conf 78:02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197802008
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
E.G. conceptualized, outlined, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Both authors finalized the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Generalov, E., Yakovenko, L. Receptor basis of biological activity of polysaccharides. Biophys Rev 15, 1209–1222 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-023-01102-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-023-01102-4