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Low Ionosphere Density Above the Earthquake Epicentre Region of Mw 7.2, El Mayor–Cucapah Earthquake Evident from Dense CORS Data

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Abstract

In this study, a potential precursor related to the Mw 7.2 Mexico earthquake on April 4, 2010, was investigated by analysing ionosphere total electron content (TEC) fluctuations derived from Global Positioning System data collected from 200 Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in Mexico and the western United States. Abnormal TEC variations were statistically identified within a 30-day time frame prior to the earthquake event. The two nearest stations at distances of 45 km and 53 km from the epicentre (IID2 and P500) were employed as benchmarks for the detection of anomalous days and time in TEC variations. Notably, a distinctive anomaly was observed on April 2, 2010, a couple of days before the earthquake, featuring a TEC unit deviation of 3–4 (TECU) from the baseline (15-day average value). Maximum TEC deviations (the time of anomaly) were recorded at 14.75 UTC on April 2, 2010. The analysis indicated a decrease in TEC concentration at a rate of 0.0017 TECU per kilometre towards the epicentre, supported by data collected from 200 CORS stations in the region. Spatial interpolation of TEC data from these stations further highlighted a distinct zone of low TEC density in the ionosphere above the epicentre at 14.75 UTC. This low TEC density zone was concentrated in areas with higher density points of geological structures (faults). The study suggests that the low TEC zone may be detected before the earthquake within proximity of the earthquake preparation zone above the epicentre.

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Source: European Space Agency (ESA) (Color figure online)

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Data availability

All data generated or used during the study including GPS raw and GPS processed data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Authors like to thank Former Director of NESAC, Shri P L N Raju for support and encouragement in carrying out this collaborative research. Authors thank the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism for providing software/program for the computation of TEC in present analysis. Authors also thank International GNSS services (IGS), UNAVCO, NOAA and World data centre for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism (WDC) for providing high quality GPS and atmospheric data utilised in present analysis. Authors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers and editor for the suggestions and comments.

Funding

The study was conducted using open source data. No external funding received for the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umiam, India

    Gopal Sharma, K. K. Sarma & S. P. Aggarwal

  2. Central University of Karnataka, Kadaganchi, India

    Karan Nayak & M. A. Mohammed Aslam

  3. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

    Rosendo Romero-Andrade

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  1. Gopal Sharma
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Contributions

GS conceptualized the research. GS, KN and RRA contributed in data collection, input generation, interpretation and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GS and KN and all authors commented and provided suggestions on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gopal Sharma.

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Sharma, G., Nayak, K., Romero-Andrade, R. et al. Low Ionosphere Density Above the Earthquake Epicentre Region of Mw 7.2, El Mayor–Cucapah Earthquake Evident from Dense CORS Data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 52, 543–555 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-024-01837-x

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