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Effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on rainfall anomalies in Central Java, Indonesia

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Abstract

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon recognised for its effects on regional climates and irregularities in climate variability worldwide. In this article, the impact of ENSO on rainfall anomalies in Central Java, Indonesia, was investigated from 1990 to 2019. The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) was used to determine the ENSO phase, and rainfall estimates by the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and rainfall records from several meteorological stations were used to identify the anomalies. The anomalies were explained in relation to the degree of strength of El Niño and La Niña events. The results showed that strong El Niño caused a decrease in annual rainfall intensities to the entire region, particularly in the mountainous area in the western part (Pemalang, Pekalongan, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara) and northeast part (Jepara, Kudus, Pati). The decrease in annual rainfall reached 1300 mm during strong El Niño. The moderate and weak El Niño also affect those areas, while the mountainous area in the west part and southwest part is not affected. The moderate and weak El Niño contributes to decreasing rainfall of up to 900 mm, with notable differences in the affected area. Strong La Niña affects the entire study area, with increasing annual rainfall up to 1700 mm, while moderate and weak La Niña less affects the region, and a notable difference was not identified. The result also shows that the spatial distribution of this decrease in rainfall is across the northern regions and became increasingly less towards the south during strong El Niño. Conversely, strong La Niña increased the rainfall intensity, starting from the south and weakening northward. The effect enhanced significantly with La Niña’s strength, especially on the southern coast of the study area.

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Funding

This research is supported by grants from “Hibah Rekognisi Tugas Akhir” by Universitas Gadjah Mada—Indonesia with contract number: 3550/UN1.P.III/Dit-Lit/PT.01.05/2022, contract date: May 20th, 2022, and principal investigator: Dr. Sc. Andung Bayu Sekaranom., M.Sc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Anugrah Jorgi Firmansyah, Emilya Nurjani & Andung Bayu Sekaranom

  2. Centre for Natural Disaster Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Andung Bayu Sekaranom

Authors
  1. Anugrah Jorgi Firmansyah
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  2. Emilya Nurjani
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  3. Andung Bayu Sekaranom
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Anugrah Jorgi Firmansyah. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Anugrah Jorgi Firmansyah, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Andung Bayu Sekaranom.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Zhihua Zhang

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Firmansyah, A.J., Nurjani, E. & Sekaranom, A.B. Effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on rainfall anomalies in Central Java, Indonesia. Arab J Geosci 15, 1746 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-11016-2

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