Abstract
Recent advances in satellite remote sensing have enabled us to study surface deformations at the spatial and temporal scales. The current work aims to investigate the surface deformation analysis of Kohima, a district in Nagaland State, India, which is prone to landslides causing road damage, property damage, and even loss of life. It estimates the frequency of surface deformations using Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data sets for 2018 and 2019 with the Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) approach. A minor level of surface deformation is reported for the VH polarization, while the VV polarization exhibited a higher level of surface deformation. Both polarizations reported higher surface deformations in the southern and western parts, while the northern part of Kohima showed lower surface deformations. The subsidence occurrence rate is observed to be higher in 2018. It can be seen that the southern and western parts of the Kohima district are experiencing more subsidence than the northern and eastern parts with a maximum shift of − 0.207 mm in VV polarization for 2018. A field survey at six sites in the landslide-affected areas found that surface displacement has taken a major toll on some parts of the Kohima district. The maximum displacement rate for these surveyed sites for 2018 has displacement ranges of − 0.086 to − 0.129 m in VV polarization and − 0.12 to − 0.161 in VH polarization with precipitation of 1684.7 mm compared to 2019 when the displacement lies in the range between − 0.056 and − 0.095 in VV polarization and between − 0.01 and − 0.04 m in VH polarization with precipitation of 1306.8 mm. The current study identifies the main drivers of land subsidence, which include uninhibited and random human development activities, unplanned urbanization and the construction of highways without engineering effort, and the occurrence of heavy rainfall.
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The data sets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Copernicus Sentinel data policy for the free, full, and open data policy for the accessible data products. We thank and gratefully acknowledge NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States) and U.S. Geological Survey for providing Landsat satellite data.
Funding
We gratefully acknowledge project funds [Grant Numbers Urb-01] from Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Department of Space, Govt. of India for facilitating research facilities at Amity University Uttar Pradesh. This work was undertaken as part of a PhD program.
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Dr. Deepak Kumar (DK) conceived and designed the study, and Ms. Noyingbeni Kikon (NK) performed the research and analysed the data. Dr. Syed Ashfaq Ahmed (SAA) and Dr Kumar have contributed to editorial input. Conceptualization, methodology, and formal analysis: DK, SAA. Investigation: SAA, DK. Visualization: NK, DK. Writing—original draft: NK, DK. Writing—review and editing: DK, SAA. Funding acquisition: DK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Responsible Editor: Biswajeet Pradhan
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Kikon, N., Kumar, D. & Ahmed, S.A. Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) earth observations for surface deformation analysis and map**. Arab J Geosci 15, 1131 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10370-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10370-5