Abstract
This work investigated the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch using CaO-impregnated zeolite (CaO/HZSM-5) catalyst. An optimum point was obtained via central composite rotatable design at reaction temperature of 567.10 °C, catalyst loading of 3.22 wt%, and CaO loading of 1.25 wt%, with an expected bio-oil yield of 35.31 wt%. Validation runs’ experimental yield was 37.59 ± 1.74 wt%, indicating reliability of the condition. The impregnated catalyst was characterized, and CaO was observed to be successfully impregnated onto HZSM-5 with minor degradation on the catalyst structures. The bio-oil produced through catalytic pyrolysis had increased 16.102 wt% water content, and also lower acid content by 8.02%, and higher aromatic content by 18.86% as compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, possibly contributed by the combined catalytic effect of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst via deoxygenation and neutralization reactions. Kinetic study using Coats-Redfern method indicated the decrement of activation energy and frequency factor by 2.14% and 49.17%, respectively, at reaction order of three with addition of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst. Similar reductions in activation energies in presence of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was observed in model-free methods, and the activation energies gradually increased with process conversion due to differences in valorization temperatures of hemicellulose (300 °C), cellulose (340 and 390 °C), and lignin (> 400 °C).
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Funding
This study was supported by fundings from Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under HiCoE grant (cost centre: 015ME0-014) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) under ASTIF grant (cost centre: 015ME0-058). This work was also supported in part by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) under SICORP (Grant Number JPMJSC15H1/JPMJSC18E2) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Bilateral Exchange Program (Open Partnership) between Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, and Kumamoto University, Japan.
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Huei Yeong Lim: Conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing), validation. Suzana Yusup: Conceptualization, methodology, writing (review and editing), validation, supervision. Menandro N. Acda: Methodology, writing—review and editing. Bridgid Lai Fui Chin: writing—review and editing—formal analysis. Elisabeth Rianawati: Writing—review and editing—formal analysis. Pornkamol Unrean: writing—review and editing, software. Chung Loong Yiin: Funding acquisition, data curation, writing—review and editing. Armando T. Quitain: Funding acquisition, writing—review and edittng. Suttichai Assabumrungrat: Project administration, writing—review and editing.
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Lim, H.Y., Yusup, S., Acda, M.N. et al. Investigation of Calcium Oxide–Impregnated Zeolite Catalyst Toward Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: Bio-oil Yields, Characterizations, and Kinetic Study. Bioenerg. Res. 17, 419–433 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10618-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10618-2