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A highly efficient and green method for catalyzing the Hantzsch reaction under solvent-free conditions using a seashell/Kaolin calcined system

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Abstract

A green method for synthesizing 1,4-dihydropyridines (1a-j) by a one-pot reaction of various aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium carbonate, catalyzed by a seashell and kaolin powders, mixed and calcined at 500 and 800 °C, under solvent-free conditions, has been developed. The catalyst was characterized by physicochemical techniques, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mixture composed of 20% seashell and 80% Kaolin (Q3-500), calcined at 500 °C, gave the best results (78 to 96% yields). Q3-500 separation from the reacting medium was carried out by filtration and reused several times with a slight decrease in yields. Compared with other conventional methods, the present method is inexpensive and offers advantages, namely: the catalyst is eco-friendly, recyclable, and gives high yields with shorter reaction time.

Graphical Abstract

A seashell/Kaolin calcined system (20/80) at 500°C was elaborated to catalyze the Hantzsch reaction under solvent-free conditions. Using Q3-500 six times gave dihydropyridines with excellent yields with a slight loss of activity. The improvement of the catalytic properties of the kaolin surface is due to the increase of cationic content.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (PRFU code: B00L01UN180120200002). The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of M. Aibech Riad. We are also grateful to Mrs Bouharriche Meriem for her language support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Informatics, Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia - Jijel, Ouled Aissa, BP 98, 18000, Jijel, Algeria

    Mohamed-Zakaria Stiti, Tahir Habila, Mourad Bouhedja & Smail Khelili

  2. Department of Physical Sciences, Higher Normal School of Boussada, 28001, Bousaada, Msila, Algeria

    Tahir Habila

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Informatics, University of Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia - Jijel, Ouled Aissa, BP 98, 18000, Jijel, Algeria

    Ammar Khaled

  4. Research Center on Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium

    Jean-Jacques Pireaux

Authors
  1. Mohamed-Zakaria Stiti
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  2. Tahir Habila
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Correspondence to Smail Khelili.

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Stiti, MZ., Habila, T., Khaled, A. et al. A highly efficient and green method for catalyzing the Hantzsch reaction under solvent-free conditions using a seashell/Kaolin calcined system. J Chem Sci 135, 70 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-023-02190-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-023-02190-1

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