Abstract
We report results from the spectro-timing analysis of the atoll source 4U 1636−536 observed with NuSTAR and AstroSat during its hard spectral state. In three observations of 207 ks total exposure, we identify 31 thermonuclear X-ray bursts including five doublets and a triplet. Recurrence time as short as 3.8 min is seen in one of the doublets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the shortest recurrence time known for this source. Our time-averaged spectroscopy during the bursts indicates the presence of an additional power-law or a blackbody component in a few cases, perhaps due to varying temperatures during bursts or plausible deviation from ideal blackbody behavior; however, it is difficult to probe this using the time-resolved spectroscopy owing to limited statistics. Time-resolved bursts are well fit using an absorbed blackbody model with temperatures varying between 1.7 and 2.2 keV. Burst oscillations around 581 Hz are detected with 3\(\sigma \) confidence during the decay phase in two of the X-ray bursts. One of the burst oscillations is seen at 582 Hz, a frequency observed during the 2001 superburst in this source.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12036-022-09825-8/MediaObjects/12036_2022_9825_Fig9_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altamirano D., van der Klis M., Méndez M., et al. 2008a, Astrophys. J. Lett., 685, 436
Altamirano D., van der Klis M., Wijnands R., Cumming A. 2008b, Astrophys. J. Lett., 673, L35
Antia H. M., Yadav J. S., Agrawal P. C., et al. 2017, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 231, 10
Arnaud K. A. 1996, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 101, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, eds. Jacoby G. H., Barnes J., p. 17
Asai K., Dotani T., Nagase F., Mitsuda K. 2000, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 131, 571
Bachetti M., Harrison F. A., Cook R., et al. 2015, Astrophys. J., 800, 109
Beri A., Paul B., Yadav J. S., et al. 2019, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 482, 4397
Bhattacharyya S. 2010, Adv. Space Res., 45, 949
Bhattacharyya S. 2021, ar**v e-prints, ar**v:2103.11258
Bhattacharyya S., Strohmayer T. E. 2006, Astrophys. J. Lett., 636, L121
Bilous A. V., Watts A. L. 2019, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 245, 19
Bloser P. F., Grindlay J. E., Barret D., Boirin L. 2000, Astrophys. J., 542, 989
Boirin L., Keek L., Méndez M., et al. 2007, Astron. Astrophys., 465, 559
Bult P., Jaisawal G. K., Güver T., et al. 2019, Astrophys. J. Lett., 885, L1
Chakraborty M., Bhattacharyya S. 2014, Astrophys. J., 792, 4
Cumming A., Bildsten L. 2000, Astrophys. J., 544, 453
Currie M. J., Berry D. S., Jenness T., et al. 2014, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 485, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XXIII, eds. Manset N., Forshay P., p. 391
Degenaar N., Koljonen K. I. I., Chakrabarty D., et al. 2016, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 456, 4256
Degenaar N., Wijnands R., Cackett E. M., et al. 2012, Astron. Astrophys., 545, A49
Fujimoto M. Y., Sztajno M., Lewin W. H. G., van Paradijs J. 1987, Astrophys. J., 319, 902
Galloway D. K., Keek L. 2017, ar**v e-prints, ar**v:1712.06227
Galloway D. K., Muno M. P., Hartman J. M., Psaltis D., Chakrabarty D. 2008, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 179, 360
Galloway D. K., Psaltis D., Muno M. P., Chakrabarty D. 2006, Astrophys. J., 639, 1033
Galloway D. K., in’t Zand J., Chenevez J., et al. 2020, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 249, 32
Grebenev S. A., Chelovekov I. V. 2017, Astronomy Letters, 43, 583
Grindlay J. E., Marshall H. L., Hertz P., et al. 1980, Astrophys. J. Lett., 240, L121
Harrison F. A., Craig W. W., Christensen F. E., et al. 2013, Astrophys. J., 770, 103
Hasinger G., van der Klis M. 1989, Astron. Astrophys., 225, 79
Heyl J. S. 2004, Astrophys. J., 600, 939
Horne J. H., Baliunas S. L. 1986, Astrophys. J., 302, 757
Kashyap U., Ram B., Güver T., Chakraborty M. 2021, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., ar**v:2109.14631
Keek L., Galloway D. K., in’t Zand J. J. M., Heger A. 2010, Astrophys. J., 718, 292
Keek L., Heger A. 2017, Astrophys. J., 842, 113
Krimm H. A., Holland S. T., Corbet R. H. D., et al. 2013, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 209, 14
Leahy D. A., Darbro W., Elsner R. F., et al. 1983, Astrophys. J., 266, 160
Lewin W. H. G. 1977, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 179, 43
Lewin W. H. G., van Paradijs J., Taam R. E. 1993, Space Sci. Rev., 62, 223
Linares M., Altamirano D., Chakrabarty D., Cumming A., Keek L. 2012, Astrophys. J., 748, 82
Linares M., Chakrabarty D., van der Klis M. 2011, Astrophys. J. Lett., 733, L17
Linares M., Watts A., Altamirano D., et al. 2009, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 1979, 1
Lomb N. R. 1976, Astrophys. Space Sci., 39, 447
Mahmoodifar S., Strohmayer T. 2016, Astrophys. J., 818, 93
Matsuoka M., Kawasaki K., Ueno S., et al. 2009, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 61, 999
Méndez M., van der Klis M., Ford E. C., Wijnand S. R., van Paradijs J. 1999, Astrophys. J. Lett., 511, L49
Mihara T., Nakajima M., Sugizaki M., et al. 2011, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 63, S623
Mondal A. S., Raychaudhuri B., Dewangan G. C. 2021, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 504, 1331
Motta S., D’Aì A., Papitto A., et al. 2011, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 414, 1508
Muno M. P., Remillard R. A., Chakrabarty D. 2002, Astrophys. J. Lett., 568, L35
Ohashi, T., Inoue, H., Koyama, K., et al. 1982, Astrophys. J., 258, 254
Pedersen H., Lub J., Inoue H., et al. 1982, Astrophys. J., 263, 325
Roy P., Beri A., Bhattacharyya S. 2021, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 508, 2123
Scargle J. D. 1982, Astrophys. J., 263, 835
Schulz N. S., Hasinger G., Truemper J. 1989, Astron. Astrophys., 225, 48
Strohmayer T. E., Markwardt C. B. 2002, Astrophys. J., 577, 337
Strohmayer T. E., Zhang W., Swank J. H., et al. 1996, Astrophys. J. Lett., 469, L9
Strohmayer T. E., Zhang W., Swank J. H., White N. E., Lapidus I. 1998, Astrophys. J. Lett., 498, L135
Sugizaki M., Mihara T., Serino M., et al. 2011, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 63, S635
Sztajno M., van Paradijs J., Lewin W. H. G., et al. 1985, Astrophys. J., 299, 487
Taam R. E., Woosley S. E., Weaver T. A., Lamb D. Q. 1993, Astrophys. J., 413, 324
Tawara Y., Kii T., Hayakawa S., et al. 1984, Astrophys. J. Lett., 276, L41
Watts A. L. 2012, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 50, 609
Worpel H., Galloway D. K., Price D. J. 2013, Astrophys. J., 772, 94
Worpel H., Galloway D. K., Price D. J. 2015, Astrophys. J., 801, 60
Zhang W., Lapidus I., Swank J. H., White N. E., Titarchuk L. 1997, IAU Circ., 6541, 1
Acknowledgments
AB and PR acknowledge the financial support of ISRO under AstroSat archival Data utilization program (No. DS-2B-13013(2)/4/2019-Sec.2). AB is grateful to the Royal Society, UK and to SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board), India and is supported by an INSPIRE Faculty Grant (DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/001265) by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. This research has made use of the NuSTAR data analysis software (NuSTARDAS) jointly developed by the ASI Science Center (ASDC, Italy) and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech, USA). The data for this research have been provided by the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Centre (HEASARC) and the Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC). We thank the anonymous referee for important inputs towards the improvement of the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the Special Issue on “Astrophysical Jets and Observational Facilities: A National Perspective”.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
ROY, P., BERI, A. & MONDAL, A.S. NuSTAR and AstroSat observations of thermonuclear X-ray bursts with short-recurrence times in 4U 1636−536. J Astrophys Astron 43, 45 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-022-09825-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-022-09825-8