Abstract
Diospyros peregrina is a dioecious plant which is native to India. It belongs to the family of Ebenaceae and is extensively used to treat various ailments, such as leucorrhoea and other uterine-related problems. Though few studies have been on D. peregrina for their anti-tumour response, little is known. Therefore, this intrigued us to understand its immunomodulator capabilities on various types of cancer extensively. Our primary focus is on NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer), which is ranked as the second largest form of cancer in the world, and the treatments demand non-invasive agents to target NSCLC effectively. In an objective to generate an efficient Lung Cancer Associated Antigen (LCA) specific anti-tumour immune response, LCA was presented using dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of D. peregrina fruit preparation (DFP). Moreover, we also investigated DFP’s role in the differentiation of T-helper (TH) cells. Therefore, this study aimed at better LCA presentation mediated by DFP by activating the LCA pulsed DCs and T helper cell differentiation for better immune response. DCs were pulsed with LCA for tumour antigen presentation in vitro, with and without DFP. Differentially pulsed DCs were irradiated to co-culture with autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. Extracellular supernatants were collected for the estimation of cytokine levels by ELISA. LDH release assay was performed to test Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediated lung tumour cell cytotoxicity. Thus, DFP may be a potential vaccine to generate anti-LCA immune responses to restrict NSCLC.
Graphical Abstract
A graphical representation of the cascade of events pertaining to the augmentation of the process of cancer antigen presentation, TH cell differentiation and subsequent tumour cell cytotoxicity in presence or absence of DFP
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Data availability
Data are available on request from the authors.
Abbreviations
- NSCLC:
-
Non-small cell lung cancer
- LCA:
-
Lung cancer associated antigens
- DFP:
-
Diospyros peregrina Fruit preparation
- DC:
-
Dendritic cell
- TH :
-
T helper
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- CTL:
-
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Treg:
-
Regulatory T cells
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptors
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- PBMC:
-
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- rhGM-CSF:
-
Recombinant human granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- PBS:
-
Phosphate buffer saline
- TMB:
-
3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine
- HRP:
-
Horseradish peroxidase
- RT-qPCR:
-
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- PBST:
-
Phosphate buffer saline tween-20
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Acknowledgements
We thank DST-FIST Facility of Department of Biotechnology at SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India for allowing us to perform flow cytometry on BD FACS Melody™ cell sorter.
Funding
This research was supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India (sanction order No. ECR/2016/000965).
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NS and AS: investigation, data curation, writing–original draft. SN and NM: investigation, data curation, writing–original draft. OM and PR: standardization of techniques. MG: resource person. KS: conceptualization, writing–review & editing, project administration, supervision, funding acquisition.
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For molecular studies involved in the current research project, blood samples of normal subjects and NSCLC patients were collected and handled under the protocol approved by the institutional ethics committee at SRM Medical College Hospital, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Ethics Clearance Number 2909/IEC/2021).
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Sriraman, N., Sarkar, A., Naskar, S. et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by utilizing dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation and T helper (TH) cell differentiation. Med Oncol 41, 107 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-024-02331-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-024-02331-7