SpringerLink
Log in

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment, and Fish Species in Chashma Barrage, Indus River: A Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment

  • Research
  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The increasing levels of heavy metals in aquatic environments, driven by human activities, pose a critical threat to ecosystems’ overall health and sustainability. This study investigates the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) in water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala) of different feeding zones within Chashma Barrage, located in the Mianwali district of Punjab, Pakistan, on the Indus River. A comprehensive analysis, including an assessment of associated human health risks, was conducted. Thirty samples from all three sites for each fish species, with an average body weight of 160 ± 32 g, were collected from Chashma Barrage. Water quality parameters indicated suitability for fish growth and health. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results indicated elevated levels of Cd, Cr, and Cu in sediment and Pb and Cd in water, surpassing WHO standard limits. Among the fish species, bottom feeder (C. mrigala) exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher heavy metal levels in its tissues (gills, liver, and muscle) compared to column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla). Liver tissues across all species showed higher heavy metal bioaccumulation, followed by gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed strong correlations among heavy metals in sediment, gills, muscle, and water in every fish species. However, the vector direction suggests that Cr was not correlated with other heavy metals in the system, indicating a different source. The human health risk analysis revealed lower EDI, THQ, and HI values (< 1) for the fish species, indicating no adverse health effects for the exposed population. The study emphasizes the bioaccumulation differences among fish species, underscoring the higher heavy metal concentrations in bottom feeder fish within Chashma Barrage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All data produced or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Pradeepkiran JA (2019) Aquaculture role in global food security with nutritional value: a review. Transl Anim Sci 3(2):903–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Boyd CE, D’Abramo LR, Glencross BD, Huyben DC, Juarez LM, Lockwood GS, McNevin AA, Tacon AG, Teletchea F, Tomasso JR Jr, Tucker CS (2020) Achieving sustainable aquaculture: historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. J World Aquaculture Soc 51(3):578–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Mohammed AS, Kapri A, Goel R (2011) Heavy metal pollution: source, impact, and remedies. In: Khan M, Zaidi A, Goel R, Musarrat J (eds) Biomanagement of metal-contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1914-9_1

  4. Amouri RE, Ujan JA, Raza A, Mushtaq A, Saeed MQ, Masud S, Habib SS, Milošević M, Al-Rejaie SS, Mohany M (2024) Sublethal concentrations of cadmium and lead: effects on hemato-biochemical parameters and tissue accumulation in Wallagu attu. Biological Trace Element Research, pp 1–11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04158-9

  5. Tasleem S, Masud S, Habib SS, Naz S, Fazio F, Aslam M, Ullah M, Attaullah S (2023) Investigation of the incidence of heavy metals contamination in commonly used fertilizers applied to vegetables, fish ponds, and human health risk assessments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(45):100646–100659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Akhtar N, Syakir Ishak MI, Bhawani SA, Umar K (2021) Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: a review. Water 13(19):2660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sonone SS, Jadhav S, Sankhla MS, Kumar R (2020) Water contamination by heavy metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through food chain. Lett Appl NanoBioScience 10(2):2148–2166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Han X, Wu H, Li Q, Cai W, Hu S (2024) Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and potential risks in surface sediment of estuary area: a case study of Dagu river. Mar Environ Res 196:106416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106416

  9. Łuczyńska J, Paszczyk B, Łuczyński MJ (2018) Fish as a bioindicator of heavy metals pollution in aquatic ecosystem of Pluszne Lake, Poland, and risk assessment for consumer’s health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 153:60–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lan T, Hu Y, Cheng L, Chen L, Guan X, Yang Y, Guo Y, Pan J (2022) Floods and diarrheal morbidity: evidence on the relationship, effect modifiers, and attributable risk from Sichuan Province, China. J Glob Health 12:11007. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.11007

  11. Habib SS, Batool AI, Rehman MFU, Naz S (2023) Assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish feeds, water, and some tissues of Cyprinus carpio cultured in different environments (Biofloc Technology and Earthen Pond System). Biol Trace Elem Res 201(7):3474–3486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fazio F, Habib SS, Naz S, Hashmi MAH, Saoca C, Ullah M (2022) Cadmium sub-lethal concentration effect on growth, haematological and biochemical parameters of Mystus seenghala (Sykes, 1839). Biol Trace Elem Res 200(5):2432–2438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Naz S, Fazio F, Habib SS, Nawaz G, Attaullah S, Ullah M, Hayat A, Ahmed I (2022) Incidence of heavy metals in the application of fertilizers to crops (wheat and rice), a fish (Common carp) pond and a human health risk assessment. Sustainability 14(20):13441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhu J, Guo R, Ren F, Jiang S, ** H (2024) p-Phenylenediamine derivatives in tap water: implications for human exposure. Water 16(8):1128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Saidon NB, Szabó R, Budai P, Lehel J (2024) Trophic transfer and biomagnification potential of environmental contaminants (heavy metals) in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Pollut 340:122815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sattar AA (2021) Preparation of novel hybrid (almond shell and Pleurotus sajor caju) biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals (nickel and lead) from wastewater. Water Conserv Manag 5(1):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ogidi OI, Akpan UM (2022) Aquatic biodiversity loss: impacts of pollution and anthropogenic activities and strategies for conservation. In: Sylvester CI (ed) Biodiversity in Africa: potentials, threats and conservation. Springer Nature Singapore, pp 421–448

  18. Nwankwoala HO, Harry MT, Warmate T (2020) Assessing aquifer vulnerability and contaminant plume at artisanal refining sites in parts of Okrika and Ogu-Bolo local government areas, Rivers state, Nigeria. Water Conserv Manag 4(2):58–62

    Google Scholar 

  19. Abualhaija M (2023) Applying the quality and pollution indices for evaluating the wastewater effluent quality of Kufranja wastewater treatment plant, Jordan. Water Conserv Manag 7:6–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Amirah MN, Afiza AS, Faizal WIW, Nurliyana MH, Laili S (2013) Human health risk assessment of metal contamination through consumption of fish. J Environ Pollut Hum Health 1(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  21. Najiah M, Khan AJC, Nadirah M, Lee KL, Saari NA, Aznan AS, Wan Ibrahim WI, Mohammad Tajuddin MAM, Piah RM, Mustafa EM (2023) Escherichia coli pollution in coastal lagoon and dam reservoir: repercussions on public health and aquaculture. Water Conserv Manag 7(1):55–59. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2023.55.59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Couture P, Pyle G (2012) Field studies on metal accumulation and effects in fish. In: Wood CM, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ (eds) Fish Physiology, v 31 A, Homeostasis and Toxicology of Essential Metals. Academic Press, pp 417–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1546-5098(11)31009-6

  23. Sauliutė G, Svecevičius G (2015) Heavy metal interactions during accumulation via direct route in fish: a review. Zoology Ecol 25(1):77–86

    Google Scholar 

  24. Weber P, Behr ER, Knorr CDL, Vendruscolo DS, Flores EM, Dressler VL, Baldisserotto B (2013) Metals in the water, sediment, and tissues of two fish species from different trophic levels in a subtropical Brazilian river. Microchem J 106:61–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Inam A, Clift PD, Giosan L, Tabrez AR, Tahir M, Rabbani MM, Danish M (2007) The geographic, geological and oceanographic setting of the Indus River. In: Avijit G (ed) Large rivers: geomorphology and management. Wiley, New York, pp 333–345

  26. Basharat M (2019) Water management in the Indus Basin in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. In: Khan SI, Adams TE (eds) Indus river basin. Elsevier, Blacksburg, pp 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812782-7.00017-5

  27. Khan U, Janjuhah HT, Kontakiotis G, Rehman A, Zarkogiannis SD (2021) Natural processes and anthropogenic activity in the Indus River sedimentary environment in Pakistan: a critical review. J Mar Sci Eng 9(10):1109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Latif Z, Rasul B, Ahmad M, Fazil M, Butt S, Qureshi RM, Akram W, Choudhry MA (2010) Assessment of ecological process in Chashma wetland and its surroundings using isotopic techniques (No. PINSTECH--217). Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

  29. Ahmad I, Afshan K, Ramzan M, Hayat S, Raza Rizvi SS, Qayyum M (2016) Effect of water quality parameters on isopod parasite Alitropus typus (Aegidae) of ectotherms in Chashma Lake, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 48(3):769-779

  30. Habib SS, Naz S, Fazio F, Cravana C, Ullah M, Rind KH, Attaullah S, Filiciotto F, Khayyam K (2024) Assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, fish (wild and farmed) and associated human health risk. Biol Trace Elem Res 202(2):725–735

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Channa MJ, Ayub H, Ujan JA, Habib SS, Ullah M, Attaullah S, Khayyam K, Khan K (2023) Human health risk assessment due to the incidence of heavy metals in different commercial feeds used for the culturing of biofloc fish (Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus). Biol Trace Elem Res 202(4):1741–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03767-0

  32. Inayat I, Batool AI, Rehman MFU, Ahmad KR, Kanwal MA, Ali R, Khalid R, Habib SS (2023) Seasonal variation and association of heavy metals in the vital organs of edible fishes from the River Jhelum in Punjab, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 202:1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03730-z

  33. Lau S, Mohamed M, Yen ATC, Su’Ut S (1998) Accumulation of heavy metals in freshwater molluscs. Sci Total Environ 214(1–3):113–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bo SONG, Mei LEI, Tongbin CHEN, Zheng Y, Yunfeng XIE, **aoyan LI, Ding GAO (2009) Assessing the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables to the general population in Bei**g, China. J Environ Sci 21(12):1702–1709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Rahman MS, Molla AH, Saha N, Rahman A (2012) Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chem 134(4):1847–1854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Baset A (2020) Fish consumption study at a household level in Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. RJFSN 5:98–104

    Google Scholar 

  37. Qasim M, Qasim S, Nazir N (2020) Factors affecting fish consumption of traditional subsistence fishers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Mar Sci Tech Bull 9(2):178–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Barone G, Storelli A, Garofalo R, Busco VP, Quaglia NC, Centrone G, Storelli MM (2015) Assessment of mercury and cadmium via seafood consumption in Italy: estimated dietary intake (EWI) and target hazard quotient (THQ). Food Addit Contam: Part A 32(8):1277–1286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vajargah MF (2021) A review on the effects of heavy metals on aquatic animals. J ISSN 2766(2276):854

    Google Scholar 

  40. Habib SS, Batool AI, Rehman MFU, Naz S (2023) Evaluation and association of heavy metals in commonly used fish feed with metals concentration in some tissues of O. niloticus cultured in biofloc technology and earthen pond system. Biol Trace Elem Res 201(6):3006–3016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rajeshkumar S, Li X (2018) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Toxicol Rep 5:288–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Kumar M, Gupta N, Ratn A, Awasthi Y, Prasad R, Trivedi A, Trivedi SP (2020) Biomonitoring of heavy metals in River Ganga water, sediments, plant, and fishes of different trophic levels. Biol Trace Elem Res 193:536–547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jiang X, Wang J, Pan B, Li D, Wang Y, Liu X (2022) Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fish of Dongting Lake, China: effects of feeding habits, habitat preferences and body size. J Environ Sci 112:355–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Asante KA, Agusa T, Kubota R, Mochizuki H, Ramu K, Nishida S, Ohta S, Yeh HM, Subramanian A, Tanabe S (2010) Trace elements and stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in fish from deep-waters of the Sulu Sea and the Celebes Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 60(9):1560–1570

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang C, Yu ZG, Zeng GM, Jiang M, Yang ZZ, Cui F, Zhu MY, Shen LQ, Hu L (2014) Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environ Int 73:270–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Garnero PL, Monferran MV, González GA, Griboff J, de Los Ángeles BM (2018) Assessment of exposure to metals, As and Se in water and sediment of a freshwater reservoir and their bioaccumulation in fish species of different feeding and habitat preferences. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 163:492–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gupta SK, Singh J (2011) Evaluation of mollusc as sensitive indicator of heavy metal pollution in aquatic system: a review. IIOAB J 2(1):49–57

    Google Scholar 

  48. Moiseenko TI, Gashkina NA (2020) Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Hg, Cd and Pb) in fish: influence of the aquatic environment and climate. Environ Res Lett 15(11):115013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. WHO (1995) Heavy metals environmental aspects, Tech. Rep., Environmental Health criteria No. 85. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland

  50. WHO/FAO (1990) Food standards programme, guideline levels for cadmium and lead in food. Codex committee of food additives and contamination, 22nd session, Haugue, the Netherlands

  51. Samuel MS, Datta S, Khandge RS, Selvarajan E (2021) A state of the art review on characterization of heavy metal binding metallothioneins proteins and their widespread applications. Sci Total Environ 775:145829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mehta A, Flora SJS (2001) Possible role of metal redistribution, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in chelating agents induced hepatic and renal metallothionein in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 39(10):1029–1038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Javed M, Usmani N (2019) An overview of the adverse effects of heavy metal contamination on fish health. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B: Biol Sci 89:389–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Squadrone S, Prearo M, Brizio P, Gavinelli S, Pellegrino M, Scanzio T, Guarise S, Benedetto A, Abete MC (2013) Heavy metals distribution in muscle, liver, kidney and gill of European catfish (Silurus glanis) from Italian Rivers. Chemosphere 90(2):358–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jia Y, Wang L, Qu Z, Wang C, Yang Z (2017) Effects on heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fishes: species, tissues, and sizes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:9379–9386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang WX, Rainbow PS (2008) Comparative approaches to understand metal bioaccumulation in aquatic animals. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol 148(4):315–323

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jezierska B, Witeska M (2007) The metal uptake and accumulation in fish living in polluted waters. Soil and water pollution monitoring. Prot Rem 69:107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9682-6

  58. Jarić I, Višnjić-Jeftić Ž, Cvijanović G, Gačić Z, Jovanović L, Skorić S, Lenhardt M (2011) Determination of differential heavy metal and trace element accumulation in liver, gills, intestine and muscle of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) from the Danube River in Serbia by ICP-OES. Microchem J 98(1):77–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Mahboob S, Kausar S, Jabeen F, Sultana S, Sultana T, Al-Ghanim KA, Hussain B, Al-Misned F, Ahmed Z (2016) Effect of heavy metals on liver, kidney, gills and muscles of Cyprinus carpio and Wallago attu inhabited in the Indus. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 59:e16150275

  60. Storelli MM (2008) Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs). Food Chem Toxicol 46(8):2782–2788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Liu W, Feng H, Zheng S, Xu S, Massey IY, Zhang C, Wang X, Yang F (2021) Pb toxicity on gut physiology and microbiota. Front Physiol 12:574913

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kleinow KM, Goodrich MS (2019) Environmental aquatic toxicology. In: Basic environmental toxicology eds. LG Cockerham and BS Shane, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 353–384

  63. Yeşilbudak B, Erdem C (2014) Cadmium accumulation in gill, liver, kidney and muscle tissues of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92:546–550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Liu Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bi L, ** L, Peng R (2022) Toxic effects of cadmium on fish. Toxics 10(10):622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Satarug S, Moore MR (2004) Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environ Health Perspect 112(10):1099–1103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1999) Identification and listing of hazardous wastes, toxicity characteristic. Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 261.24, vol. 18, No. 261, pp. 55–66

  67. Bakshi A, Panigrahi AK (2018) A comprehensive review on chromium induced alterations in fresh water fishes. Toxicol Rep 5:440–447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Chiang YW, Ghyselbrecht K, Santos RM, Martens JA, Swennen R, Cappuyns V, Meesschaert B (2012) Adsorption of multi-heavy metals onto water treatment residuals: sorption capacities and applications. Chem Eng J 200:405–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Wu D, Feng H, Zou Y, **ao J, Zhang P, Ji Y, Lek S, Guo Z, Fu Q (2023) Feeding habit-specific heavy metal bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of fish in a tropical reservoir in Southern China. Fishes 8(4):211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Maurya PK, Malik DS, Yadav KK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kamyab H (2019) Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in fish species in River Ganga basin: possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicol Rep 6:472–481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP2024R120), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP2024R120), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, 67450, Pakistan

    Khalid Hussain Rind

  2. Department of Zoology, Government Girls Postgraduate College Kohat, Kohat, 26030, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Sonia Aslam

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, 77150, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

    Nazakat Hussain Memon

  4. Government Degree College Nasirabad, Qambar Shahdadkot District, 770020, Sindh, Pakistan

    Asif Raza

  5. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Punjab, 60800, Multan , Pakistan

    Muhammad Qamar Saeed

  6. Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan

    Alia Mushtaq

  7. Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, KhairpurKhairpur, 66020, Sindh, Pakistan

    Javed Ahmed Ujan

  8. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA

    Javed Ahmed Ujan

  9. Department of Zoology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 27200, Karak, Pakistan

    Syed Fahad Habib

  10. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Salim S. Al-Rejaie & Mohamed Mohany

Authors
  1. Khalid Hussain Rind
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sonia Aslam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nazakat Hussain Memon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Asif Raza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Qamar Saeed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alia Mushtaq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Javed Ahmed Ujan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Syed Fahad Habib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Salim S. Al-Rejaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Mohamed Mohany
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization, Khalid Hussian Rind and Syed Fahad Habib; Data curation, Sonia Aslam; Formal analysis, Javed Ahmed Ujan; Investigation, Syed Fahad Habib; Methodology, Mohamed Mohany and Nazakat Hussain Memon; Resources, Salim S. Al-Rejaie; Writing – original draft, Syed Fahad Habib and Asif Raza; Writing – review & editing, Alia Mushtaq and Khalid Hussian Rind.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Syed Fahad Habib.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics Approval

The authors followed all the valid national rules for the use and care of animals, and the study was conducted after the ethical committee approval of the Department of Zoology Khushal Khan Khattak University, Pakistan.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rind, K.H., Aslam, S., Memon, N.H. et al. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment, and Fish Species in Chashma Barrage, Indus River: A Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04290-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04290-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation