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Glutamine Defended the Kidneys Versus Lead Intoxication Via Elevating Endogenous Antioxidants, Reducing Inflammation and Carbonyl Stress, as well as Improving Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia

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Abstract

Kidneys are primarily sensitive to lead (Pb) poisoning due to their cardinal role in lead excretion. Then, we studied the effect of glutamine (Gln) on lead nephrotoxicity in rats by assessing the histopathological and biochemical parameters (the renal NF-kβ expression, metabolic profile, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, methylglyoxal (MGO), and glyoxalase-I activity). Forty rats were allotted into four groups (ten rats in each): normal (N), Gln-treated N, Pb intoxication (Pbi), and Gln-treated Pbi. The treated groups took 0.1% Gln in drinking water for 1 month. To motivate lead poisoning, rats gained 50 mg/l lead acetate in drinking water for 1 month. Oxidative stress indices (total glutathione, its reduced and oxidized forms, their ratios, advanced protein oxidation products, malondialdehyde, and ferric ion reducing power) and inflammatory markers (renal nuclear factor-kβ expression, interleukin 1β level, and myeloperoxidase activity) were measured. Furthermore, metabolic profile (fasting blood sugar, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and atherogenic index) and renal dysfunction parameters were determined. Pb-induced renal histopathological alterations were investigated by a pathologist. In the kidney of Pbi rats, the glomerulus was damaged. Gln prevented kidney damage and reduced kidney dysfunction parameters. In addition, Gln decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in sera and kidney homogenates. In addition, it improved insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and carbonyl stress (p < 0.001). Gln guarded the kidneys versus lead intoxication by improving insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, elevating antioxidant markers, and diminishing inflammation and carbonyl stress.

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Acknowledgments

The results explained in this paper were part of the student thesis. The authors are thankful to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences for financial support.

Funding

This study is funded by Ardabil Medical Sciences University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran

    Sina Mahdavifard

  2. Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran

    Najafzadeh Nowruz

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  1. Sina Mahdavifard
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(1) Study plan, evaluation, and exegesis of data: Mahdavifard and Najafzadeh. (2) Manuscript writing and revising: Mahdavifard. (3) Ultimate sanction of the version to be submitted and any revised version: Mahdavifard and Najafzadeh.

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Correspondence to Sina Mahdavifard.

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Mahdavifard, S., Nowruz, N. Glutamine Defended the Kidneys Versus Lead Intoxication Via Elevating Endogenous Antioxidants, Reducing Inflammation and Carbonyl Stress, as well as Improving Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 3141–3148 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03887-7

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