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Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Studies, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds Using GC–MS of Ethanolic Novel Polyherbal Extract

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Abstract

Hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes, which is a collection of related metabolic disorders. Over time, diabetes can cause a variety of problems, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Ethanolic novel polyherbal extract (PHE) was prepared by mixing equal amounts of the following ingredients: Terminalia chebula Retz. (TC), Terminalia bellerica Roxb. (TB), Berberis aristata DC. (BA), Nyctanthes arbostratis L. (NA), Premna integrifolia L. (PI), and Andrographis paniculata Nees. (AP). Analysis of PHE results revealed phytochemicals like glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phytosterols, and saponins. The aim of the study was to prepare an ethanolic extract of PHE using the cold maceration technique, and identify bioactive molecules from gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, and evaluate biological responses by using in vitro studies like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. PHE was found to contain a total of 35 phytochemicals in GC–MS of which 22 bioactive compounds were obtained in good proportion. There are a few new ones, including 2-buten-1-ol, 2-ethyl-4-(2, 2, 3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl (17.22%), 1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydrobenzonitrile (4.26%), 4-piperidinamine, 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-(0.07%), undecanoic acid, 5-chloro-, chloromethyl ester (0.41%), are identified. Antioxidant activity was estimated using EC50 values of 392.143 µg/ml, which were comparable to the standard value of EC50 310.513 µg/ml obtained using DPPH. Antioxidant activity was estimated with EC50 392.143 µg/ml, comparable to standard EC50 310.513 µg/ml using DPPH. In vitro anti-inflammatory potential was found with IC50 of 91.449 µg/ml, comparable to standard IC50 89.451 µg/ml for membrane stabilization and IC50 of 36.940 µg/ml, comparable to standard IC50 35.723 µg/ml for protein denaturation assays. As a result, the findings of this study show an enrichment of bioactive phytochemicals that can be used to investigate biological activity. To better understand how diabetes receptors work, in silico studies like docking could be carried out.

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Acknowledgements

The author is thankful to the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) and MHRD, India, for fellowship. The authors thankfully acknowledge to Prof. Sushant Kumar Shrivastava formal Head of Department, Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU) Varanasi-221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India, for guidance during the work. Kavindra Nath Tiwari thankfully acknowledges Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for providing financial assistance through an incentive grant under the IoE scheme (6031) for research. P.K. is grateful for the fellowship support from RGNF, UGC, New Delhi. Vishnu D Rajput and Tatiana Minkina would like to acknowledge the support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation, agreement no. 075-15-2022-1122.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Amit Kumar Singh & Sunil Kumar Mishra

  2. Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Pradeep Kumar & Kavindra Nath Tiwari

  3. Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov On Don, Russia

    Vishnu D. Rajput & Tatiana Minkina

  4. Department of Chemistry, PG College, Mariahu, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 222161, India

    Anand Kumar Singh

  5. Department of Kaychikitsa, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Ajay Kumar Pandey

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Amit Kumar Singh: conceptualization, methodology, and writing-original draft preparation. Pradeep Kumar: methodology, writing—original draft preparation, and investigation. Vishnu D Rajput: conceptualization, formal analysis, and validation. Sunil Kumar Mishra: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, and supervision. Kavindra Nath Tiwari: conceptualization, formal analysis, and validation. Anand Kumar Singh: formal analysis, investigation, and writing—review and editing. Tatiana Minkina: formal analysis, writing—review and editing, and validation. Ajay Kumar Pandey: formal analysis and validation.

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Correspondence to Sunil Kumar Mishra.

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Singh, A.K., Kumar, P., Rajput, V.D. et al. Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Studies, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds Using GC–MS of Ethanolic Novel Polyherbal Extract. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 4447–4468 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04363-7

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