Abstract
The current study focuses on development and mechaincal charactetization of kena and waste saw dust reinforced hybrid composites for various structural/ semi structural applications in automobiles. The proposed composites are developed and tested in four different configurations namely kenaf + epoxy (KE), kenaf + epoxy + 5 wt% saw dust (KESC5), kenaf + epoxy + 10 wt% saw dust (KESC10) and kenaf + epoxy + 20 wt% saw dust (KESC20). It is found from the physical characterization that addition of selected saw dust results in enhenced density of the composites and the proposed composites are also sussceptible to water absorption due to the hydrophillic nature of reinforcements used. The brightest side of the proposed hybrid composites is seen in their tensile and flexural strengths, where the tensile strength of the KESC5 composites enhanced appreciably by 3.34 times compared with KE composite. Also, tensile strength of hybrid composites are better than non hybrid composite. The flexural strength of the saw dust reinforced kenaf/epoxy composite showed a promising behavior with KESC10 exhibiting 90.56 MPa which is 1.32 times more than the non hybrid composite KE. But, it is found that addition of saw dust results in adverse effects on the impact strength of proposed composites due to reduction of elasticity of material and thereby reducing the deformability of matrix. Based on the outcome of the VIKOR, it is concluded that KESC5 composite is the better composite among all its counterparts considered in the present study.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12008-022-01078-7/MediaObjects/12008_2022_1078_Fig7_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kling, S., Czigány, T.: Damage detection and self-repair in hollow glass fiber fabric-reinforced epoxy composites via fiber filling. Compos. Sci. Technol. 99, 82–88 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.05.020
Wang, Z., Xu, L., Sun, X., Shi, M., Liu, J.: Fatigue behavior of glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites embedded with shape memory alloy wires. Compos. Struct. 178, 311–319 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.07.027
Wambua, P., Ivens, J., Verpoest, I.: Natural fibres: Can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 1259–1264 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00096-4
Monteiro, S.N., Lopes, F.P.D., Ferreira, A.S., Nascimento, D.C.O.: Natural-fiber polymer-matrix composites: cheaper, tougher, and environmentally friendly. JOM 61, 17–22 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-009-0004-z
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni. Satyabodh M,: Experimental investigation on slurry erosive behaviour of biodegradable flexible composite and optimization of parameters using Taguchi’s approach. J. Compos. Adv. Mater. 28, 345–355 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3166/rcma.28
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: A comprehensive review on material selection for polymer matrix composites subjected to impact load. Def. Technol. 17, 257–277 (2020)
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: An experimental investigation on low-velocity impact response of novel jute/ rubber flexible bio-composite. Compos. Struct. 225(111190), 1–12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111190
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Damage mechanics and energy absorption capabilities of natural fiber reinforced elastomeric based bio composite for sacrificial structural applications. Def. Technol. 17, 161–176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.02.013
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Development and mechanical characterization of novel polymer-based flexible composite and optimization of stacking sequences using VIKOR and PSI techniques. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705719864619
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: An experimental study on adhesion, flexibility, interlaminar shear strength, and damage mechanism of jute/rubber-based flexible “green” composite. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705719882074
Mahesh, V., Mahesh, V., Puneeth, K.: Influence of areca nut nano filler on mechanical and tribological properties of coir fiber reinforced epoxy based polymer composite. Sci. Iran Trans. Mech. Eng. 27, 1972 (2020). https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2019.52083.2527
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Suitability study of jute-epoxy composite laminate for low and high velocity impact applications. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, p. 1943 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029682.
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Experimental study on abrasive wear behaviour of flexible green composite intended to be used as protective cladding for structures. Int. J. Mod. Manuf. Technol. XI, 69–76 (2019)
Ketabchi, M.R., Khalid, M., Ratnam, C.T., Walvekar, R.: Mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid composites reinforced with cellulose nanoparticles extracted from kenaf fibre. Mater. Res. Express (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/3/12/125301
Liu, Y., Ma, Y., Che, J., Duanmu, L., Zhuang, J., Tong, J.: Natural fibre reinforced non-asbestos organic non-metallic friction composites: effect of abaca fibre on mechanical and tribological behaviour. Mater. Res. Express (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aac1e0
Khalil, A.H.P.S., Masri, M., Saurabh, C.K., Fazita, M.R.N., Azniwati, A.A., Sri Aprilia, N.A., et al.: Incorporation of coconut shell based nanoparticles in kenaf/coconut fibres reinforced vinyl ester composites. Mater. Res. Express (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa62ec
Patel, V.K., Chauhan, S., Katiyar, J.K.: Physico-mechanical and wear properties of novel sustainable sour-weed fiber reinforced polyester composites. Mater. Res. Express 5, 045310 (2018)
Vignesh, K.: Mercerization treatment parameter effect on coir fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite Mercerization treatment parameter effect on coir fi ber reinforced polymer matrix composite. Mater. Res. Express 5, 075303 (2018)
Mahesh, V., Nilabh, A., Joladarshi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Analysis of impact behaviour of sisal-epoxy composites under low velocity regime. Rev. Des. Compos. Des. Matériaux Avancés 31, 57 (2021)
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.: Investigation on effect of using rubber as core material in sandwich composite plate subjected to low velocity normal and oblique impact loading. Sci. Iran Trans. Mech. Eng. 26, 897–907 (2019). https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2018.5538.1331
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.: Behaviour of natural rubber in comparison with structural steel, aluminium and glass epoxy composite under low velocity impact loading. Mater. Today Proc. 4, 10721–10728 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.08.019
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Modelling and analysis of material behaviour under normal and oblique low velocity impact. Mater. Today Proc. 5, 6635–6644 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.319
Mahesh, V., Joladarshi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Comparative study on energy absorbing behavior of stiff and flexible composites under low velocity impact. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2057, pp. 020025-1 to 020025-6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085596
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Slurry erosive study and optimization of material and process parameters of single and hybrid matrix flexible composites using Taguchi approach. In: AIP Conference Proceedings (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141606
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Physio-mechanical and wear properties of novel jute reinforced natural rubber based flexible composite Physio-mechanical and wear properties of novel jute reinforced natural rubber based flexible composite. Mater. Res. Express 6, 055503 (2019)
Holbery, J., Houston, D.: Natural-fibre-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 58, 80–86 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0234-2
Thomas, S., Paul, L.S.A., Pothan, B.D.: Natural fibres: structure, properties and applications. In: Kalia, S., Kaith, B.S. (eds.) Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, pp. 3–42. Springer, Berlin (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7
Nurazzi, N.M., Khalina, A., Sapuan, S.M., Rahmah, M.: Development of sugar palm yarn/glass fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites development of sugar palm yarn/glass fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. Mater. Res. Express 5, 045308 (2018)
Judawisastra, H., Sitohang, R.D.R., Rosadi, M.S.: Water absorption and tensile strength degradation of Petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) fiber—reinforced polymeric composites. Mater. Res. Express (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa8a0d
Azghan, M.A., Eslami-farsani, R.: The effects of stacking sequence and thermal cycling on the flexural properties of laminate composites of aluminium-epoxy/basalt-glass fibres. Mater. Res. Express 5, 025302 (2018)
Sapiai, N., Jumahat, A., Mahmud, J.: Mechanical properties of functionalised CNT filled kenaf reinforced epoxy composites. Mater. Res. Express (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aabb63
Mahesh, V., Mahesh, V., Harursampath, D.: Influence of alkali treatment on physio-mechanical properties of jute–epoxy composite. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 00, 1–12 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2021.1934643
Kumar, S., Patel, V.K., Mer, K.K.S., FeketeGusztav, T.S.: Influence of woven bast-leaf hybrid fiber on the physio-mechanical and sliding wear performance of epoxy based polymer composites. Mater. Res. Express 5, 1–13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aadbe6Manuscript
Zini, E., Focarete, M.L., Noda, I., Scandola, M.: Bio-composite of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) reinforced with vegetable fibers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 2085–2094 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.015
La Mantia, F.P., Morreale, M.: Green composites: a brief review. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 42, 579–588 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.01.017
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Three body abrasive wear assessment of novel jute/natural rubber flexible green composite. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057211017185
Mahesh, V., Joladarashi, S., Kulkarni, S.M.: Comparative study on ballistic impact response of neat fabric, compliant, hybrid compliant and stiff composite. Thin Walled Struct. 165, 107986 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.107986
Nishimura, A., Katayama, H., Kawahara, Y., Sugimura, Y.: Characterization of kenaf phloem fibers in relation to stem growth. Ind. Crops Prod. 37, 547–552 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.035
Karimi, S., Tahir, P.M., Karimi, A., Dufresne, A., Abdulkhani, A.: Kenaf bast cellulosic fibers hierarchy: a comprehensive approach from micro to nano. Carbohydr. Polym. 101, 878–885 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.106
Ramesh, M.: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fibre based bio-materials: a review on processing and properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 78–79, 1–92 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.11.001
Rong, M., Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Yang, G., Zeng, H.: The effect of fiber treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional sisal- reinforced epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 1437–1447 (2001)
Rashdi, A.A.A., Sapuan, S.M., Ahmad, M.M.H.M., Abdan, K.B.: Review of kenaf fiber reinforced polymer composites. Polim. Polym. 54, 777–780 (2009). https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2009.777
Yahaya, R., Sapuan, S., Jawaid, M., Leman, Z., Zainudin, E.: Review of kenaf reinforced hybrid biocomposites: potential for defence applications. Curr. Anal. Chem. 14, 226–240 (2018)
Ashori, A., Harun, J., Raverty, W., Yusoff, M.N.M.: Chemical and morphological characteristics of Malaysian cultivated kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) fiber. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 45, 131–134 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550500373782
INFO: KENAF n.d. https://naturalfibersinfo.org/?page_id=85
Saba, N., Tahir, P.M., Jawaid, M.: A review on potentiality of nano filler/natural fiber filled polymer hybrid composites. Polymers (Basel) 6, 2247–2273 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6082247
Njuguna, J., Pielichowski, K., Desai, S.: Nanofiller-reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 19, 947–959 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat
Borba, P.M., Tedesco, A., Lenz, D.M.: Effect of reinforcement nanoparticles addition on mechanical properties of SBS/Curauá fiber composites. Mater. Res. 17, 412–419 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000203
Vishwas, M., Vinyas, M., Puneeth, K.: Infuence of areca nut nanofiller on mechanical and tribological properties of coir fibre reinforced epoxy based polymer composite. Sci. Iran 27, 1972–1981 (2020). https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2019.52083.2527
Ramkumar, R., Saravanan, P.: Assessment of composites using waste sugarcane bagasse fibre and wood dust powder. Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng. 9, 2126–2131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.e3016.039520
Gulitah, V., Liew, K.C.: Morpho-mechanical properties of wood fiber plastic composite (WFPC) based on three different recycled plastic codes. Int. J. Biobased Plast. 1, 22–30 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/24759651.2019.1631242
Atul Ltd. Polymer Division. Technical data sheet Lapox L-12 K-6. 2020.
Idrus, M.A.M.M., Hamdan, S., Rahman, M.R., Islam, M.S.: Treated tropical wood sawdust-polypropylene polymer composite: mechanical and morphological study. J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol. 02, 435–444 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2011.24053
Ferede, E.: Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption properties of alkaline-treated sawdust-reinforced polypropylene composite. J. Eng. (UK) 2020, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3706176
Agnantopoulou, E., Tserki, V., Phillipou, M.J., Panayiotou, C.: Development of biodegradable composites based on wood waste flour and thermoplastic starch. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 126, E273–E281 (2012)
Islam, M.N., Islam, M.S.: Characterization of chemically modified sawdust-reinforced recycled polyethylene composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 28, 1135–1153 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705713503671
Shakuntala, O., Raghavendra, G., Samir, K.A.: Effect of filler loading on mechanical and tribological properties of wood apple shell reinforced epoxy composite. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2014, 538651 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/538651
Gobikannan, T., Berihun, H., Aklilu, E., Pawar, S.J., Akele, G., Agazie, T., et al.: Development and characterization of sisal fiber and wood dust reinforced polymeric composites. J. Nat. Fibers 18, 1924–1933 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1710649
Sreekanth, M.S., Bambole, V.A., Mhaske, S.T., Mahanwar, P.A.: Effect of Particle size and concentration of Flyash on properties of polyester thermoplastic elastomer composites. J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 08, 237–248 (2009). https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2009.83021
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chandrika, S., Kumar, T.R.H. & Mahesh, V. Physio-mechanical characterization of kenaf/saw dust reinforced polymer matrix composite and selection of optimal configuration using MADM-VIKOR approach. Int J Interact Des Manuf (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-01078-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-01078-7