Abstract
Many studies have examined the associations between exposure to indoor and outdoor atmospheric particulate matter and health outcomes in humans. There is increasing evidence that the oxidative characteristics of such particulate matter have a role in determining the adverse health effects of fine particulates. Moreover, since people spend more time in indoors (office and home), indoor air quality and its impact on human health have increased in importance. However, to date, studies examining the oxidative characteristics of indoor particulates are few, and there has been a limited examination of the impact on physiological conditions of indoor fine particulates exposure on microorganisms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the oxidative characteristics of fine particulates in an indoor environment on the -3rd floor. The chemical characteristics of indoor PM2.5 samples were determined through their elemental composition, particle oxidation state, and organic and inorganic functional groups using EDX and FTIR spectrometry. Oxidative characteristics were also examined in terms of the cellular response of opportunistic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) by oxidative stress indicators (e.g., antioxidant, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione (reduced), lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide), applied to artificial lung fluid and TRIS soluble fractions of aerosol that was extracted from the fine mode (PM2.5) of 120-h filter samples. Bacterial activity and protein content of S. aureus and E. coli were also studied in order to understand the main biochemical response of opportunistic bacteria. The chemical analysis results showed that elements in the indoor PM2.5 filters were both crustal origin (e.g., Al, Si, K, and Ca) and anthropogenic (e.g., Ba, Zn, and Ce). The identified functional groups were S = O, N–H, N = O, C = O, C-H, and O–H, which can cause oxidative stress. Bacteria-based oxidative indicators showed that both PM2.5 and physicological fluids induced the oxidative stress. However, oxidative responses were changed by the type of bacteria and physicological fluid, and PM2.5 was disturbed by the natural protection of physicological fluids.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Aitken RJ, Roman SD (2008) Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. Oxid Med Cell Longev 1(1):15–24. https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.1.1.6843
Anand A, Yadav S, Phuleria HC (2022) Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in densely populated urban slums. Environ Res 212(PtD):113562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113562
Arora S, Jain J, Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM (2008) Cellular responses induced by silver nanoparticles: in vitro studies. Toxicol Lett 179(2):93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.009
Bado M, Kwende S, Shishodia S, Rosenzweig JA (2017) Impact of dust exposure on mixed bacterial cultures and during eukaryotic cell co-culture infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(18):7027–7039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8449-4
Bado M, Keita D, Azu N, Shishodia S, Rosenzweig JA (2018) Mixed bacterial responses to dust exposure in an A549 eukaryotic co-culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(22):9759–9770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9322-9
Baysal A, Saygin H, Ustabasi GS (2018) Interaction of PM2.5 airborne particulates with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles and their effect on bacteria. Environ Monit Assess 190(1):34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6408-2
Baysal A, Saygin H, Ustabasi GS (2020) Age-related physicochemical differences in ZnO nanoparticles in the seawater and their bacterial interaction. Environ Monit Assess 192:276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08254-w
Baysal A, Ustabasi G (2019) Assessment of Outdoor Bioaerosols In Megacity Istanbul-Turkey and Its Relation with Tobacco Smoke. Int J Environ Pollut Environ model 2(4):212–218
Brehmer C, Norris C, Barkjohn KK, Bergin MH, Zhang J, Cui X, Teng Y, Zhang Y, Black M, Li Z, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ (2020) The impact of household air cleaners on the oxidative potential of PM2.5 and the role of metals and sources associated with indoor and outdoor exposure. Environ Res 181:108919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108919
Buettner GR (2011) Superoxide dismutase in redox biology: the roles of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem 11(4):341–346. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152011795677544
Chen Y, Luo XS, Zhao Z, Chen Q, Wu D, Sun X, Wu L, ** L (2018) Summer-winter differences of PM2.5 toxicity to human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and the roles of transition metals. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 165:505–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.034
Cui LY, Hu Y, Zeng RC, Yang YX, Sun DD, Li SQ, Zhang F, Han EH (2017) New insights into the effect of Tris-HCl and Tris on corrosion of magnesium alloy in presence of bicarbonate, sulfate, hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate ions. J Mater Sci Technol 33:971–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.01.005
Deng X, Zhang F, Rui W, Long F, Wang L, Feng Z, Chen D, Ding W (2013) PM25-induced oxidative stress triggers autophagy in human lung epithelial A549 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 27(6):1762–1770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.004
Flohe L, Gunzler WA (1984) Assays of glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 105:114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05015-1
Fu C, Lan Q, Wu Y et al (2020) Influence of sediment characteristics on heavy metal fraction distribution in the water-level fluctuation zone of the three gorges reservoir area. China Water Air Soil Pollut 231:175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04525-x
Gao D, Ripley S, Weichenthal S, Godri Pollitt KJ (2020) Ambient particulate matter oxidative potential: chemical determinants, associated health effects, and strategies for risk management. Free Radic Biol Med 151:7–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.028
Gemenetzis P, Moussas P, Arditsoglou A, Samara C (2006) Mass concentration and elemental composition of indoor PM2.5 and PM 10 in University rooms in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Atmos Environ 40:3195–3206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.049
Guo HB, Li M, Lyu Y, Cheng TT, Xv JJ, Li X (2019) Size-resolved particle oxidative potential in the office, laboratory, and home: evidence for the importance of water-soluble transition metals. Environ Pollut 246:704–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.094
Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Arhami M, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Pourpak Z, Rastkari N, Momeniha F, Kashani H, Gholampour A, Nazmara S, Alimohammadi M, Goudarzi G, Yunesian M (2014) Indoor/outdoor relationships of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations and their water-soluble ions in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Atmos Environ 82:375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.048
Kastury F, Smith E, Karna RR, Scheckel KG, Juhasz AL (2018) Methodological factors influencing inhalation bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in PM2.5 using simulated lung fluid. Environ Pollut 241:930–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.094
Kenarkoohi A, Noorimotlagh Z, Falahi S, Amarloei A, Mirzaee SA, Pakzad I, Bastani E (2020) Hospital indoor air quality monitoring for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. Sci Total Environ 748:141324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141324
Kono Y (1978) Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 186:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(78)90479-4
Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P (2018) Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging 13:757–772. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513
Lim JM, Jeong JH, Lee JH, Moon JH, Chung YS, Kim KH (2011) The analysis of PM2.5 and associated elements and their indoor/outdoor pollution status in an urban area. Indoor Air 21(2):145–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00691.x
Liu X, Yang HT, **ong P, Li WT, Huang HH, Zheng YF (2019) Comparative studies of Tris-HCl, HEPES and NaHCO3/CO2 buffer systems on the biodegradation behaviour of pure Zn in NaCl and SBF solutions. Corros Sci 157:205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.05.018
Liu L, Zhou Q, Yang X, Li G, Zhang J, Zhou X, Jiang W (2020) Cytotoxicity of the soluble and insoluble fractions of atmospheric fine particulate matter. J Environ Sci 91:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.012
Mandin C, Trantallidi M, Cattaneo A, Canha N, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Spinazzè A, Fossati S, De Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Hänninen O, De Oliveira FE, Ventura G, Wolkoff P, Carrer P, Bartzis J (2017) Assessment of indoor air quality in office buildings across Europe - the OFFICAIR study. Sci Total Environ 579:169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.238
Metrick MA, Temple JE, MacDonald G (2013) The effects of buffers and pH on the thermal stability, unfolding and substrate binding of RecA. Biophys Chem 184:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2013.08.001
Ozbek N, Baltaci H, Baysal A (2016) Investigation of fluorine content in PM2.5 airborne particles of Istanbul, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:13169–13177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6506-7
Pekey B, Bozkurt ZB, Pekey H, Doğan G, Zararsiz A, Efe N, Tuncel G (2010) Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5 in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City, Turkey. Indoor Air 20(2):112–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00628.x
Pietrogrande MC, Perrone MR, Manarini F, Romano S, Udisti R, Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a Central Mediterranean Site: association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters. Atmos Environ 188:97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.022
Pokorna D, Zabranska J (2015) Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in environmental technology. Biotechnol Adv 33(6 Pt 2):1246–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.007
Pompilio A, Di Bonaventura G (2020) Ambient air pollution and respiratory bacterial infections, a troubling association: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and future challenges. Crit Rev Microbiol 46(5):600–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1816894
Raivio TL (2005) Envelope stress responses and gram-negative bacterial pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 56(5):1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04625.x
Ray P, Huang BW, Tsuji Y (2012) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 24(5):981e990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.008
Reynoso-Cruces S, Hernández-López AE, Miranda J, Mejía-Ponce LV (2021) Elemental characterization and risk assessment of indoor aerosols in an electrostatic particle accelerator laboratory. Environ Pollut Bioavailab 33(1):334–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2021.1988869
Ribeiro JDP, Quijano MFC, Ferreiro JD, Gioda A, Velez BJ, Monserrat JM, Gioda CR (2020) Aqueous particulate matter (PM2.5) from Brazil alters antioxidant profile responses and causes oxidative stress. Atmos Pollut Res 11:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.11.023
Sassi AB, Isaacs CE, Moncla BJ, Gupta P, Hillier SL, Rohan LC (2008) Effects of physiological fluids on physical-chemical characteristics and activity of topical vaginal microbicide products. J Pharm Sci 97(8):3123–3139. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.21192
Saygin H, Baysal A (2022) Interaction of nanoplastics with simulated biological fluids and their effect on the biofilm formation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:80775–80786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21468-4
Saygin H, Baysal A (2021) Degradation of subµ-sized bioplastics by clinically important bacteria under sediment and seawater conditions: impact on the bacteria responses. J Environ Sci Health A 56(1):9–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2020.1833591
Saygin H, Baysal A (2020) Similarities and discrepancies between bio-based and conventional submicron-sized plastics: ın relation to clinically ımportant bacteria. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 105:26–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02908-8
Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Mandin C, de Kluizenaar Y, Fossati S, Spinazzè A, Cattaneo A, Mihucz V, Szigeti T, de Oliveira FE, Kalimeri K, Mabilia R, Carrer P, Bartzis J (2021) Association of subjective health symptoms with indoor air quality in European office buildings: the OFFICAIR project. Indoor Air 31(2):426–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12749
Suraju MO, Lalinde-Barnes S, Sanamvenkata S, Esmaeili M, Shishodia S, Rosenzweig JA (2015) The effects of indoor and outdoor dust exposure on the growth, sensitivity to oxidative-stress, and biofilm production of three opportunistic bacterial pathogens. Sci Total Environ 538:949–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.063
Szabados M, Csákó Z, Kotlík B, Kazmarová H, Kozajda A, Jutraz A, Kukec A, Otorepec P, Dongiovanni A, Di Maggio A, Fraire S, Szigeti T (2021) Indoor air quality and the associated health risk in primary school buildings in Central Europe - the InAirQ study. Indoor Air 31(4):989–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12802
Szigeti T, Óvári M, Dunster C, Kelly FJ, Lucarelli F, Záray G (2015) Changes in chemical composition and oxidative potential of urban PM2. 5 between 2010 and 2013 in Hungary. Sci Total Environ 518:534–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.025
Talbi A, Kerchich Y, Kerbachi R, Boughedaoui M (2018) Assessment of annual air pollution levels with PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and associated heavy metals in Algiers, Algeria. Environ Pollut 232:252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.041
Usman F, Zeb B, Alam K, Huang Z, Shah A, Ahmad I, Ullah S (2022) In-depth analysis of physicochemical properties of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) and its characterization through FTIR, XRD and SEM–EDX techniques in the foothills of the Hindu kush region of Northern Pakistan. Atmosphere 13:124. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010124
Ustabasi GS, Baysal A (2020) Bacterial interactions of microplastics extracted from toothpaste under controlled conditions and the influence of seawater. Sci Total Environ 703:135024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135024
Wang Y, Branicky R, Noë A, Hekimi S (2018) Superoxide dismutases: dual roles in controlling ROS damage and regulating ROS signaling. J Cell Biol 217(6):1915–1928. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201708007
White JK, Nielsen JL, Larsen CM, Madsen AM (2020) Impact of dust on airborne Staphylococcus aureus’ viability, culturability, inflammogenicity, and biofilm forming capacity. Int J Hyg Environ Health 230:113608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113608
Yamaguchi T, ** T, Tanabe K (1986) Structure of acid sites on sulfur-promoted iron oxide. J Phys Chem 90(14):3148–3152. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100405a022
Yang F, Liu C, Qian H (2021) Comparison of indoor and outdoor oxidative potential of PM2.5: pollution levels, temporal patterns, and key constituents. Environ Int 155:106684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106684
Yu X, Song W, Yu Q, Li S, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Deng W, Yang W, Huang Z, Bi X, Wang X (2018) Fast screening compositions of PM2.5 by ATR-FTIR: comparison with results from IC andOC/EC analyzers. J Environ Sci 71:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.11.021
Yu J, Kang Y, Zhai Z (2020) Advances in research for underground buildings: Energy, thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Energy Build 215:109916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109916
Zhang J, Liang C, Ma J, Zhou B, Wang J (2006) Effects of sodium fluoride and sulfur dioxide on oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in rat testes. Res Rep Fluoride 39(3):185–190
Zhi Y, Chen X, Cao G, Chen F, Seo HS, Li F (2022) The effects of air pollutants exposure on the transmission and severity of invasive infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. Environ Pollut 310:119826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119826
Zhong S, Zhang L, Jiang X, Gao P (2019) Comparison of chemical composition and airborne bacterial community structure in PM2.5 during haze and non-haze days in the winter in Guilin, China. Sci Total Environ 655:202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.268
Zokm GE, Ghani SA, Shobier AH, Othman T, Shreadah M (2013) IR spectroscopic investigation, X-ray structural characterization, thermal analysis decomposition and metal content of sediment samples along Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. World Appl Sci J 23(6):823–836. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.06.7480
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization, resources, material preparation, data collection, and writing were performed by Hasan Saygin and Asli Baysal, and sampling and devices were obtained by Burcu Onat. The analysis was performed by Sevilay Zora, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The study did not require ethics approval due to the research not involving human participants, their data, or biological material.
Consent to participate
No need for consent approval.
Consent for publication
The manuscript did not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
Competing ınterests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Saygin, H., Baysal, A., Onat, B. et al. Oxidative stress and chemical characteristics of indoor PM2.5: a case study in an underground (-3rd) floor. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 1345–1356 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01346-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01346-9