Abstract
This work aimed to develop pre-concentration of malachite green in aqueous solutions through an efficient, fast, and easy-to-use model based on the dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction process in a suitable glass syringe (IS-DLLME). To implement this model, the important parameters of the process in this micro-extraction model such as pH, microliter volumes of extraction solvent, time of extraction, and salt concentration were investigated. Performance optimization of the IS-DLLME model was assayed through multivariate data analysis. Among the advantages of this method are the absence of dispersive solvent and centrifugation step. The data obtained from the extraction tests in optimal values indicated that the process has a good extraction percentage. The best extraction efficiency was obtained by multivariate methods under the conditions equivalent to pH of 3.4, extraction time of 7.8 min, salt amount of 1.3%W/V, and 298 µl of extraction solvent. At optimal values, a linear response was collected in the range of 40–500 µg L−1 malachite green with a LOD of 9 µg L−1. The within-day and between-day precision at a concentration of 100 µg L−1 of MG (n = 5) was 2.5 and 3.1%, respectively. The IS-DLLME model enabled us to develop a simple approach and tool for monitoring malachite green within water and fish samples with good recoveries of 97.28–99.86%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altintig E, Onaran M, Sarı A, Altundag H, Tuzen M (2018) Preparation, characterization and evaluation of bio-based magnetic activated carbon for effective adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution. Mater Chem Phys 220:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.05.077
Altintig E, Yenigun M, Sarı A, Altundag H, Tuzen M, Saleh TA (2021) Facile synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded activated carbon as an eco-friendly adsorbent for ultra-removal of malachite green from water. Environ Technol Innov 21:101305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101305
Azooz EA, Al-Wani HSA, Gburi MS, Al-Muhanna EHB (2022) Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: a review. Open Chem 20:525–540. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0174
Azooz EA, Tuzen M, Mortada WI (2023) Green microextraction approach focuses on air-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid with solidified floating organic drop for preconcentration and determination of toxic metals in water and wastewater samples. Chem Pap 77:3427–3438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02714-6
Bezerra MA, Ferreira SLC, Novaes CG, Dos Santos AMP, Valasques GS, da Mata Cerqueira UMF, dos Santos Alves JP (2019) Simultaneous optimization of multiple responses and its application in analytical chemistry—a review. Talanta 194:941–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.088
Elik A, Altunay N (2022) Chemometric approach for the spectrophotometric determination of chloramphenicol in various food matrices: using natural deep eutectic solvents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 276:121198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.121198
Fallah A, Hadjmohammadi M (2020) Determination of morin and quercetin in fruit juice samples using air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet and HPLC-UV. Acta Chim Slov 67:1092–1099. https://doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2020.5881
Farhadian S, Hashemi-Shahraki F, Asadpour S, Shareghi B, Shakerian B, Rafatifard M, Firooz AR (2022) Malachite Green, the hazardous materials that can bind to Apo-transferrin and change the iron transfer. Int J Biol Macromol 194:790–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.126
Ferreira TA, Ibarra IS, Silva MLS, Miranda JM, Rodriguez JA (2020) Use of modified henequen fibers for the analysis of malachite green and leuco-malachite green in fish muscle by d-SPE followed by capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 157:104941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104941
Golbaz S, Nabizadeh R, Rafiee M, Yousefi M (2022) Comparative study of RSM and ANN for multiple target optimisation in coagulation/precipitation process of contaminated waters: mechanism and theory. Int J Environ Anal Chem 102:8519–8537. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1849663
He J, Mo P, Luo YS, Yang PH (2023) Strategies for solving the issue of malachite green residues in aquatic products: a review. Aquac Res 2023:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8578570
Hernandez-Jimenez M, Hernandez-Ramos P, Martínez-Martín I, Vivar-Quintana AM, González-Martín I, Revilla I (2020) Comparison of artificial neural networks and multiple regression tools applied to near infrared spectroscopy for predicting sensory properties of products from quality labels. Microchem J 159:105459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105459
Igwegbe CA, Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO (2021) ANN modelling of the steam reforming of naphthalene based on non-stoichiometric thermodynamic analysis. Chem Pap 75:3363–3372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01566-2
Khan MR, Wabaidur SM, Busquets R, Khan MA, Siddiqui MR, Azam M (2019) Identification of malachite green in industrial wastewater using lignocellulose biomass composite bio-sorbent and UPLC-MS/MS: a green environmental approach. Process Saf Environ Prot 126:160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.04.008
Kokosa JM (2020) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. In: Liquid-phase extraction, Chapter 16, ScienceDirect, pp 473–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816911-7.00016-5.
Kwan PP, Banerjee S, Shariff M, Ishak NAS, Yusoff FM (2018) Quantitative analysis of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in fish purchased from the markets in Malaysia. Food Control 92:101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.031
Li G, Zhang X, Zhang L, Xu S, Li C (2015) Salt-assisted graphene oxide dispersive solid phase microextraction for sensitive detection of malachite green and crystal violet by HPLC. Chromatographia 78:979–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-015-2913-z
Mirzajani R, Ahmadi S (2015) Melamine supported magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@ Mel) for spectrophotometric determination of malachite green in water samples and fish tissues. J Ind Eng Chem 23:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.08.011
Nemati M, Mogaddam MRA, Farazajdeh MA, Tuzen M, Khandaghi J (2021) In-situ formation/decomposition of deep eutectic solvent during solidification of floating organic droplet-liquid-liquid microextraction method for the extraction of some antibiotics from honey prior to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1660:462653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462653
Omarova A, Bakaikina NV, Muratuly A, Kazemian H, Baimatova N (2022) A review on preparation methods and applications of metal–organic framework-based solid-phase microextraction coatings. Microchem J 175:107147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.107147
Ozalp O, Soylak M (2023) Microextraction methods for the separation-preconcentration and determination of food dyes: a minireview. Anal Lett 56:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2023.2175212
Pinheiro FC, Aguirre MÁ, Nóbrega JA, González-Gallardo N, Ramón DJ, Canals A (2021) Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent for elemental impurities determination in oral and parenteral drugs by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1185:339052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.339052
Rahim S, Ullah R, Tuzen M, Ullah S, Sarı A, Saleh TA (2023) Synthesis of alumina-carbon framework for efficient sorption of methyl orange from wastewater with factorial design and mechanisms. Groundw Sustain Dev 22:100950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2023.100950
Rahmani M, Ghasemi E, Sasani M (2017) Application of response surface methodology for air assisted-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of deoxynivalenol in rice samples prior to HPLC-DAD analysis and comparison with solid phase extraction cleanup. Talanta 165:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.031
Raval NP, Shah PU, Shah NK (2017) Malachite green “a cationic dye” and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption. Appl Water Sci 7:3407–3445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0512-2
Razi-Asrami M, Ghasemi JB, Amiri N, Sadeghi SJ (2017) Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of crystal violet and malachite green in water samples using partial least squares regression and central composite design after preconcentration by dispersive solid-phase extraction. Environ Monit Assess 189:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5898-2
Sarani B, Rahmani M, Abbasian AR (2020) Preparation and application of meso-adsorbent NiFe2O4 for the ultrasound-enhanced removal of dye pollutant in water and wastewater: a multivariate study. J Part Sci Technol 6:103–111. https://doi.org/10.22104/JPST.2021.4838.1185
Saleh TA, Al-Ruwayshid SH, Sarı A, Tuzen M (2020) Synthesis of silica nanoparticles grafted with copolymer of acrylic acrylamide for ultra-removal of methylene blue from aquatic solutions. Eur Polym J 130:109698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109698
Sartape AS, Mandhare AM, Jadhav VV, Raut PD, Anuse MA, Kolekar SS (2017) Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution with adsorption technique using Limonia acidissima (wood apple) shell as low cost adsorbent. Arab J Chem 10:S3229–S3238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.019
Shishov A, Gurev I, Bulatov A (2023) Automated reversed-phase liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent for the determination of copper as vegetable oil oxidation catalyst. J Food Compos Anal 119:105247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105247
Shojaei S, Rahmani M, Khajeh M, Abbasian AR (2021) Magnetic-nanoparticle-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for the determination of crystal violet in environmental water samples. ChemistrySelect 6:4782–4790. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202100288
Shojaei S, Rahmani M, Khajeh M, Abbasian AR (2023) Ultrasound assisted based solid phase extraction for the preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of malachite green and methylene blue in water samples. Arab J Chem 16:104868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104868
Tang W, An Y, Row KH (2021) Emerging applications of (micro) extraction phase from hydrophilic to hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents: opportunities and trends. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 136:116187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116187
Tuzen M, Sarı A, Saleh TA (2018) Response surface optimization, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for effective removal of rhodamine B by magnetic AC/CeO2 nanocomposite. J Environ Manag 206:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.016
Wang P, Chen W, Zhang R, **ng Y (2022) Enhanced removal of malachite green using calcium-functionalized magnetic biochar. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063247
Yuvali D, Seyhaneyildizi M, Soylak M, Narin İ, Yilmaz E (2021) An environment-friendly and rapid liquid-liquid microextraction based on new synthesized hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for separation and preconcentration of erythrosine (E127) in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 244:118842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118842
Zhao L, Lin X, Duan N, Khan IM, Wang Z, Wu S (2023) A sensitive fluorescent assay based on gold-nanoclusters coated on molecularly imprinted covalent organic frameworks and its application in malachite green detection. Food Chem 410:135425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135425
Zhou X, Zhang J, Pan Z, Li D (2019) Review of methods for the detection and determination of malachite green and leuco-malachite green in aquaculture. Crit Rev Anal Chem 49:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2018.1456314
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gorgich, M., Rahmani, M. Development of an in-syringe dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction process for the measurement of malachite green in aqueous solutions. Chem. Pap. 78, 2479–2491 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03254-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03254-9