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Box–Behnken design and analysis for liquid–liquid extraction of methyl red dye from its aqueous solution with benzene

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Abstract

Liquid–liquid extraction has gained huge attention in chemical industries for the removal of valuable products. The aim of this research to optimize the percentage dye removal, distribution coefficient and solvent capacity for liquid–liquid extraction of methyl red dye from its aqueous solution with benzene as an extractant. In this work, effect of parameters such as dye concentration in feed (20–100 ppm), extraction time (10–30 min), and dye solution to solvent ratio (1–3 mL/mL) was examined at constant pH, and temperature of 3, and 27 ± 2 °C. Response surface methodology (RSM)-based Box–Behnken design was used for optimization by considering independent and dependent factors. The optimization results reveal that the percentage dye removal, distribution coefficient and solvent capacity of 81.28%, 4.33 and 21.7 mg/L were achieved at dye concentration in feed, extraction time, and dye solution to solvent ratio of 45 ppm, 27 min, and 1.5 mL/mL, respectively. Thus, benzene could be the potential solvent for liquid–liquid extraction of methyl red dye from its aqueous solution.

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Abbreviations

β o :

Intercept

β i :

Linear coefficient

β ii :

Squared coefficient

β ij :

Interaction coefficient

Y :

Response matrix

X :

Input matrix

ε :

Random error

A :

Concentration of dye in feed

B :

Extraction time

C :

Dye solution to solvent ratio

Y 1 :

Dye removal

Y 2 :

Distribution coefficient

Y 3 :

Solvent capacity

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Acknowledgements

We would acknowledge our heartfelt thanks to the President, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat and the Management of University of Technology and Applied Sciences (Salalah College of Technology), Sultanate of Oman, for the wonderful opportunity, continuing support and encouragement by providing necessary facilities for executing the research work.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering Department, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman

    P. Kanakasabai & S. Sivamani

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, India

    K. Thirumavalavan

Authors
  1. P. Kanakasabai
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  2. S. Sivamani
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  3. K. Thirumavalavan
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Contributions

Conceptualization was done by PK and SS; methodology was done by PK and SS; software was done by SS; validation was done by PK; formal analysis was done by PK and SS; investigation was done by PK; data curation was done by PK; writing—original draft were done by PK and SS; writing—review and editing were done by PK, SS, and KT; supervision was done by SS; project administration was done by PK and SS.

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Correspondence to S. Sivamani.

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Kanakasabai, P., Sivamani, S. & Thirumavalavan, K. Box–Behnken design and analysis for liquid–liquid extraction of methyl red dye from its aqueous solution with benzene. Chem. Pap. 77, 7225–7235 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03013-w

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