SpringerLink
Log in

ICP-OES determination of some heavy metal residues in milk samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; application of newly synthesized deep eutectic solvent as a complexing agent and extraction solvent

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Chemical Papers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study, a combination of homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been employed for the extraction of some heavy metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg) from milk samples. In the extraction process, first, an appropriate amount of sodium chloride is dissolved in the milk sample and after that a mixture of acetonitrile and ternary deep eutectic solvent (prepared from choline chloride, sulfosalicylic acid, and 8-hydroxyquinoline) is added. After manual shaking and centrifuging, the upper phase containing the analytes is taken and injected into deionized water. In the following, the resulted mixture is sonicated to acquire a cloudy state and efficient preconcentration. After centrifuging, the deep eutectic solvent containing the extracted analytes is sedimented at the bottom of tube. The extracted and enriched analytes are determined using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions, low limits of detection (0.04–0.10 ng mL−1) and quantification (0.12–0.34 ng mL−1), high extraction recoveries (70–83%), and good repeatability (relative standard deviations equal or less than 3.6 and 4.7% for intra- and inter-day precisions, respectively) were acquired. Finally, the offered method was employed for the determination of the studied heavy metals in various milk samples marketed in Tabriz, Iran.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

ChCl:

Choline chloride

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

ER:

Extraction recovery

HLLE:

Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

References

  • Alengebawy A, Abdelkhalek ST, Qureshi SR, Wang MQ (2021) Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics 9(3):42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alizadeh T, Ganjali MR, Nourozi P, Zare M, Hoseini M (2011) A carbon paste electrode impregnated with Cd2+ imprinted polymer as a new and high selective electrochemical sensor for determination of ultra-trace Cd2+ in water samples. J Electroanal Chem 657:98–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altunay N, Elik A, Gürkan R (2019) Vortex assisted-ionic liquid based dispersive liquid liquid microextraction of low levels of nickel and cobalt in chocolate-based samples and their determination by FAAS. Microchem J 147:277–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthemidis AN, Ioannou KIG (2009) Recent developments in homogeneous and dispersive liquid–liquid extraction for inorganic elements determination. A review. Talanta 80:413–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behbahani M, Hassanlou PG, Amini MM, Omidi F, Esrafili A, Farzadkia M, Bagheri A (2015) Application of solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction as a new, fast, simple and reliable preconcentration and trace detection of lead and cadmium ions in fruit and water samples. Food Chem 187:82–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Çıtak D, Sabancı D (2021) Response surface methodology and hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based liquid phase microextraction combination for determination of cadmium in food and water samples. J Food Meas Charact 15:1843–1850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claeys WL, Verraes C, Cardoen S, De Block J, Huyghebaert A, Raes K, Dewettinck K, Herman L (2014) Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: an evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control 42:188–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daşbaşi T, Muğlu H, Soykan C, Ülgen A (2018) SPE and determination by FAAS of heavy metals using a new synthesized polymer resin in various water and dried vegetables samples. J Macromol Sci A 55:288–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evgenakis E, Christophoridis Ch, Fytianos K (2018) Method optimization for heavy metal determination in milk powder: application to milk samples from Greece. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:26766–26779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Aghanassab M (2016) Deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Anal Methods 8:2576–2583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Tofigh Gharamaleki V, Abbaspour M, Sorouraddin SM (2019) Low temperature-induced homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction and ternary deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography in the assessment of multiclass pesticide residues in cucumbers. New J Chem 43:12453–12461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Mesa JC, Montoro-Leal P, Maireles-Rivas S, Guerrero ML, Alonso EV (2021) Sensitive determination of mercury by magnetic dispersive solid–phase extraction combined with flow-injection-cold vapor-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J Anal at Spectrom 36:892–899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonbari Milani P, Torbati M, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, MogaddamMR A (2022) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the extraction of acidic pesticides in edible oils; application of short-chain organic acids as co-disperser and protonation agent. Int J Environ Anal Chem 102:667–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habila MA, ALOthman ZA, El–Toni, AM, Al-Tamrah SA, Soylak M, Labis JP (2017) Carbon-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles with surface amido groups for magnetic solid phase extraction of Cr (III), Co (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) and Pb (II) prior to their quantitation by ICP-MS. Microchim Acta 184:2645–2651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habila MA, ALOthman ZA, El-Toni AM, Labis JP, Soylak M (2016) Synthesis and application of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 for photocatalytic decomposition of organic matrix simultaneously with magnetic solid phase extraction of heavy metals prior to ICP-MS analysis. Talanta 154:539–547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammad SF, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Mansour FR (2022) Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction as an alternative sample preparation technique for biomedical analysis. J Sep Sci 45:185–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Goodwill JE, Sun J (2019) Heavy metals in milk: global prevalence and health risk assessment. Toxin Rev 38:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Zhao M, Li A, Zhao L (2021) Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for preconcentration and determination of trace cadmium and arsenic in wine samples. Microchem J 164:105974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia X, Gong D, Zhao J, Ren H, Wang J, Zhang X (2018) Zwitterion–functionalized polymer microspheres as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of trace levels of V (V), Cr (III), As (III), Sn (IV), Sb (III) and Hg (II) prior to their determination by ICP-MS. Microchim Acta 185:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasa NA, Chormey DS, Büyükpınar Ç, Turak F, Budak TB, Bakırdere S (2017) Determination of cadmium at ultra-trace levels by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and batch type hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 133:144–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocot K, Zawisza B, Sitko R (2012) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent and the dried-spot technique for the determination of Fe Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Pb by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta B 73:79–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt A, Bagda E, Altundag H (2020) Development of deep eutectic solvent extraction method for extraction of Zn2+ from powdered milk and baby formula samples and its determination by ICP-OES. J Iran Chem Soc 17:1359–1367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manousi N, Zachariadis GA (2021) A Simple and rapid analytical method for the determination of nutrient and toxic elements in nut-based milk alternative beverages by ICP-OES. Food Anal Methods 14:1315–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mardani A, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Nemati M, Torbati M (2020) A three-phase solvent extraction system combined with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction of some organochlorine pesticides in cocoa samples prior to gas chromatography with electron capture detection. J Sep Sci 43:3674–3682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okhravi T, Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A (2020) Development of a liquid-nitrogen-induced homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction of Co (II) and Ni (II) from water and fruit juice samples followed by atomic absorption spectrometry detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 412:1675–1684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perelonia KBS, Benitez KCD, Banicod RJS, Tadifa GC, Montojo CFD (2021) Validation of an analytical method for the determination of cadmium, lead and mercury in fish and fishery resources by graphite furnace and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Control 130:108363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sajid M, Asif M, Ihsanullah I (2021) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of multi-elements in seawater followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis and evaluation of its greenness. Microchem J 169:106565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sixto A, Mollo A, Knochen M (2019) Fast and simple method using DLLME and FAAS for the determination of trace cadmium in honey. J Food Compos Anal 82:103229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Dastoori H (2020) Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on a ternary deep eutectic solvent as chelating agent and extraction solvent for preconcentration of heavy metals from milk samples. Talanta 208:120485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soylak M, Koksal M (2019) Deep eutectic solvent microextraction of lead (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II) and manganese (II) ions for the separation and preconcentration in some oil samples from Turkey prior to their microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Microchem J 147:832–837

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viñas P, Campillo N, López-García I, Hernández-Córdoba M (2014) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in food analysis. A critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:2067–2099

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, **a M, Ling Y, Qian F, Xu J, Wang Z, Li J, Wang X (2019) Switchable hydrophilicity solvent based and solidification-assisted liquid-phase microextraction combined with GFAAS for quantification of trace soluble lead in raw bovine and derivative milk products. Food Addit Contam Part A 36:1654–1666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yahya M, Kesekler S, Durukan İ, Arpa Ç (2021) Determination of prohibited lead and cadmium traces in hair dyes and henna samples using ultrasound assisted-deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction followed by microsampling-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Methods 13(8):1058–1068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamini Y, Rezaee M, Khnchi A, Faraji M, Saleh A (2010) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. J Chromatogr A 1217:2358–2364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors express thanks to the Research Council of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz branch.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

    Mahdi Rouhi, Jafar Abolhasani & Mohammad Taghi Vardini

  2. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

  3. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Mahdi Rouhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jafar Abolhasani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammad Taghi Vardini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jafar Abolhasani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human or animals.

Informed consent

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 95 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rouhi, M., Abolhasani, J., Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. et al. ICP-OES determination of some heavy metal residues in milk samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; application of newly synthesized deep eutectic solvent as a complexing agent and extraction solvent. Chem. Pap. 77, 7421–7429 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02998-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02998-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation