Abstract
Cake filtration using non-woven filters has been known as a promising water pretreatment technique for decades. In this work, four types of non-woven filters with different thicknesses were fabricated by a hot-pressing technique using polypropylene fibre webs. The filters were employed to filtrate a slurry by using a vacuum cake filtration apparatus to study the performance of the filters. The excellent bonding points between fibre webs were found by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis of the filter cake revealed the major mineral phases in the cake were calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide. Specific cake resistance, filter resistance, and total resistance were measured from constant pressure filtration tests to evaluate the filter with and without using a filter aid. Type D filter with the highest thickness (594.14 µm) showed the lowest total filtration resistance (5.11 × 10+11 m−1) indicating the best performance among the other types of filters. Adding the sawdust in the slurry as the filter aid reduced both cake resistance and filter resistance, resulting in a higher filtrate flow rate. The total resistance decreased by 75.1% using 3.0 g of sawdust in the cake filtration process. According to the results, the filter cake was slightly compressible, and the filter with the highest thickness had the lowest total filtration resistance indicating the best performance among the other types of filters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abass MR, Ibrahim AB, Abou-Mesalam MM (2021) Retention and selectivity behavior of some lantshanides using bentonite dolomite as a natural material. Chem Pap 75:3751–3759
Bähner FD, Santacoloma PA, Huusom JK (2019) Optimal operation of parallel dead-end filters in a continuous bio-based process. Food Bioprod Process 114:263–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.02.001
Bohn PW, Elimelech M, Georgiadis JG, Mariñas BJ, Mayes AM, Mayes AM (2009) Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nanosci Technol Collect Rev Nat J 452:337–346. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814287005_0035
Bourcier D, Féraud JP, Colson D, Mandrick K, Ode D, Brackx E, Puel F (2016) Influence of particle size and shape properties on cake resistance and compressibility during pressure filtration. Chem Eng Sci 144:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.01.023
Brandrup J, Immergut EH, Grulke EA, Abe A, Bloch DR (1999) Polymer handbook, Choice Reviews Online. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-1569
Brehant A, Bonnelye V, Perez M (2002) Comparison of MF/UF pretreatment with conventional filtration prior to RO membranes for surface seawater desalination. Desalination 144:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00343-0
Charfi A, Harmand J, Ben Amar N, Grasmick A, Heran M (2014) Deposit membrane fouling: Influence of specific cake layer resistance and tangential shear stresses. Water Sci Technol 70:40–46. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.186
Chase GG, Arconti J, Kanel J (1994) The effect of filter cakes on filter medium resistance. Sep Sci Technol 29:2179–2196
Du L, Chen X, Li W, Zhu Q (2011) A study on enhancement of filtration process with filter aids diatomaceous earth and wood pulp cellulose. Chin J Chem Eng 19:792–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(11)60058-X
Dugga P, Pervez S, Tripathi M, Siddiqui MN (2020) Spatiotemporal variability and source apportionment of the ionic components of groundwater of a mineral-rich tribal belt in Bastar, India. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100356
Foley G (2006) A review of factors affecting filter cake properties in dead-end microfiltration of microbial suspensions. J Membr Sci 274:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.008
Fujioka T, Khan SJ, McDonald JA, Henderson RK, Poussade Y, Drewes JE, Nghiem LD (2013) Effects of membrane fouling on N-nitrosamine rejection by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. J Membr Sci 427:311–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.055
Geankoplis CJ (1993) Transport processes and separation. In: Process principles. Prentice Hall NJ
Hedayati Moghaddam A, Hazrati H, Sargolzaei J, Shayegan J (2017) Assessing and simulation of membrane technology for modifying starchy wastewater treatment. Appl Water Sci 7:2753–2765
Hutten IM, Wadsworth L (2007) Handbook of nonwoven filter media. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-85617-441-1.X5015-X
Iritani E, Katagiri N, Kanetake S (2012) Determination of cake filtration characteristics of dilute suspension of bentonite from various filtration tests. Sep Purif Technol 92:143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.05.011
Iritani E, Nagaoka H, Katagiri N (2008) Determination of filtration characteristics of yeast suspension based upon multistage reduction in cake surface area under step-up pressure conditions. Sep Purif Technol 63:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.05.021
Kinnarinen T, Tuunila R, Huhtanen M, Häkkinen A, Kejik P, Sverak T (2015) Wet grinding of CaCO3 with a stirred media mill: influence of obtained particle size distributions on pressure filtration properties. Powder Technol 273:54–61
Kumar A, Thakur A, Panesar PS (2023) A review on the industrial wastewater with the efficient treatment techniques. Chem Pap 1–33
Lee KP, Arnot TC, Mattia D (2011) A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination-development to date and future potential. J Membr Sci 370:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036
Lihong DU, Xu C, Wen** LI, Qixin ZHU (2011) A study on enhancement of filtration process with filter aids diatomaceous earth and wood pulp cellulose. Chin J Chem Eng 19:792–798
Lu WM, Tung KL, Hwang KJ (1997) Effect of woven structure on transient characteristics of cake filtration. Chem Eng Sci 52:1743–1756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00011-0
MacLeod CS, Muller FL (2012) On the fracture of pharmaceutical needle-shaped crystals during pressure filtration: case studies and mechanistic understanding. Org Process Res Dev 16:425–434
Masoudi SMA, Hedayati Moghaddam A, Sargolzaei J, Darroudi A, Zeynali V (2018) Investigation and optimization of the SND–SBR system for organic matter and ammonium nitrogen removal using the central composite design. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 37:1638–1646
Murase T, Iritani E, Cho JH, Shirato M (1989) Determination of filtration characteristics based upon filtration tests under step-up pressure conditions. J Chem Eng Jpn 22:373–378. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.373
Nghiem LD, Coleman PJ (2008) NF/RO filtration of the hydrophobic ionogenic compound triclosan: transport mechanisms and the influence of membrane fouling. Sep Purif Technol 62:709–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.027
Pearce GK (2007) The case for UF/MF pretreatment to RO in seawater applications. Desalination 203:286–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.011
Perimutter BA (1985) Principles of filtration. Elsevier
Pervez S, Dugga P, Siddiqui MN, Bano S, Verma M, Candeias C, Mishra A, Verma SR, Tamrakar A, Karbhal I (2021) Sources and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in groundwater in the mineral-rich tribal belt of Bastar, Central India. Groundw Sustain Dev 14:100628
Qin JJ, Maung HO, Lee H, Kolkman R (2004) Dead-end ultrafiltration for pretreatment of RO in reclamation of municipal wastewater effluent. J Membr Sci 243:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.010
Ratcliff GA (1957) Unit operations of chemical engineering. Chemical Engineering Science. McGraw-hill, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(57)85034-9
Salehi M (2022) Global water shortage and potable water safety; today’s concern and tomorrow’s crisis. Environ Int 158:106936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106936
Shirato M, Murase T, Iritani E, Cho JH (1987) Filter cake dewatering due to sudden reduction in filtration area of cake surface. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 13:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.13.195
Staf M, Miklová B, Kyselová V (2019) The impact of variable carbonation and decarbonation conditions on the CO2 sorption capacity of CaO-based sorbents. Chem Pap 73:3031–3042
Strigáč J, Mikušinec J, Strigáčová J, Václavík V, Števulová N (2019) The mould resistance of carbide lime by-products from deposits. Chem Pap 73:2575–2582
Svarovsky L (2000) Solid-liquid separation. Elsevier
Tang W, Pei Y, Zheng H, Zhao Y, Shu L, Zhang H (2022) Twenty years of China’s water pollution control: experiences and challenges. Chemosphere 295:133875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133875
Teoh SK (2003) Studies in filter cake characterisation and modelling
Teoh SK, Tan RBH, Tien C (2006) A new procedure for determining specific filter cake resistance from filtration data. Chem Eng Sci 61:4957–4965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2006.03.048
Tien C (2006) Introduction to cake filtration: analyses, experiments and applications. Elsevier
Udegbunam OE, Ademiluyi JO (2017) Cake filtration equation using tan<sup>n</sup><i>θ</i> reduction method. J Water Resour Prot 09:851–872. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.97057
Urošević T, Trivunac K (2020) Achievements in low-pressure membrane processes microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) for wastewater and water treatment. In: Current trends and future developments on (Bio-) membranes: recent achievements in wastewater and water treatments. Elsevier, pp 67–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817378-7.00003-3
van der Hoek JP, Hofman JAMH, Bonné PAC, Nederlof MM, Vrouwenvelder HS (2000) RO treatment: selection of a pretreatment scheme based on fouling characteristics and operating conditions based on environmental impact. Desalination 127:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00195-2
Yim S-S, Kwon Y-D, Kim H-I (2001) Effects of pore size, suspension concentration, and pre-sedimentation on the measurement of filter medium resistance in cake filtration. Korean J Chem Eng 18:741–749
Zheng J, Wei S, Wang Q, Li X, Ma S (2021) Kinetics of alite formation and ye’elimite decomposition in alite-ye’elimite cement clinker. Chem Pap 75:5983–5993
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of the water treatment unit of Fajr Petrochemical Company in Mahshahr (Iran). The authors also gratefully acknowledge the facilities and equipment of the Amirkabir University of Technology (Mahshahr Campus).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Cheraghchi, V., Shiroud Heidari, B. Fabrication and evaluation of a non-woven filter media for water pretreatment applications. Chem. Pap. 77, 5507–5518 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02881-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02881-6