Abstract
Fish diversification into sympatric ecomorph pairs demonstrates a striking parallelism across a number of taxa in numerous lakes. However, there is a dearth of information on environmental conditions, which may orchestrate divergence processes across generations. Here we explore whether the environmental factors affecting food and reproductive niche distinctions could trigger the divergence of the lacustrine-riverine fish species into two morphs based on kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka of the Lake Kronotskoe. We reveal drastic differences in temperature on the tributary reproduction sites affecting the early ontogeny timing and disrupting the time of lakeward migration of the morphs. The juveniles of the benthivorous morph run into the lake in spring during the food abundance peak on the slope, while the planktivorous kokanee migrates to the lake in the summer when the pelagic zone abounds with zooplankton. The dynamics of this food niches is determined by water temperature dynamics and may be stable for long periods of time, thus making each morph adapting to similar condition throughout generations. We suggest that the pelagic-benthic divergence could be explained by the factors, which are extrinsic for fish, making our results applicable for numerous cases of this microevolutionary pathway all over the Holarctic.
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The results generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article [and its supplementary information files]. All source data from the manuscript will be made publicly available and deposited in the Dryad Digital Repository after assigning the DOI.
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Acknowledgements
This work would have been impossible without the support of Kronotsky Reserve. Special thanks to: Dariya Panicheva, Alexey Serov, Fedor Lobyrev, Alexander Martinkin, Dmitry Korchagin, Gleb Sedash, Andrey Bush, Rune Knudsen, Elena Voronezhskaya and many others who helped us during the field works and manuscript preparation. The authors thank Diana Stoklitskaya and Daria Zelenina for providing unpublished data on microsatellite analysis and are grateful to Tatiana Gavrilova and Anastasia Sharapkova (Rosetta Stone MSU) for a careful reading of the manuscript.
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This study was funded by Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-74-10085).
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The permit for fish catching № 41201430548 was given by the Federal Fisheries Agency at April 11 2014 to the Kronotsky Nature Biosphere Reserve. All field and experimental procedures with fish were carried out according to the guidelines and following the laws and ethics of the Russian Federation, and approved by the ethics documentation of the Kronotsky Nature Biosphere Reserve following the resolution of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation ethics committee.
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Markevich, G.N., Izvekova, E.I., Anisimova, L.A. et al. Annual Temperatures and Dynamics of Food Availability are Associated with the Pelagic-Benthic Diversification in a Sympatric Pair of Salmonid Fish. Evol Biol 49, 142–155 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09560-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09560-6