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Blood Meal Analysis and Molecular Detection of Leishmania DNA in Wild-Caught Sand Flies in Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas of Turkey and Northern Cyprus

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Abstract

Introduction

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are known as the vector of diseases such as leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and viral diseases. The aim of this study is to detect the host feeding pattern of sand flies in the endemic areas for leishmaniasis in Turkey (Antalya, Kayseri) and Northern Cyprus (TRNC) as well as the presence of Leishmania DNA in the specimens.

Methods

One-hundred seventy-six blood-fed sand fly specimens were examined for blood meal analysis. A SYBR Green-PCR assay was performed with specific forward primers for each host and a universal reverse primer. Primers of human and goat were used together in multiplex PCR while goat and cow were studied separately. ITS-1 qPCR assay was also performed on both blood-fed and non-blood-fed females to detect Leishmania parasites.

Results

Blood sources could be detected in 69 out of 176 blood-fed sand fly specimens. The results of blood meal analysis showed that specimens were fed mostly on cows (22.2%) followed by humans (5.7%), goats (2.8%) and dogs (0.6%). Multiple feeding patterns were also detected as human + cow (3.4%), cow + goat (2.8%) and human + goat (1.7%). Five of the blood-fed specimens were Leishmania spp. positive: P. major s.l. (n = 1), P. tobbi (n = 2) were L. tropica positive from Antalya, P. simici was positive for L. infantum from Kayseri and P. papatasi (n = 1) was positive for L. major from Cyprus. Leishmania infection rates were determined as 3.79%, 1.69% and 2.63% among the blood-fed sand fly specimens in Antalya, Kayseri and TRNC, respectively.

Conclusion

The SYBR-Green-based multiplex PCR assay is a cost-effective and promising tool for blood meal identification of wild-caught sand flies as well as other blood-sucking arthropods. Feeding patterns of important vector species detected in the present study show the high risk in these endemic areas. As a next step, to identify the blood source in a shorter time and to make the test more sensitive, development of this assay to probe-based and multiplex PCR will be also planned.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Project No: 114S999. The authors would like to thank to Res. Ass. Hatice Uluer from Faculty of Computer Engineering of Ege University to assess statistical analyses; and Zeph Nelson Omondi for English editing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, Ege University Institute of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey

    Kardelen Yetişmiş

  2. Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University Institute of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey

    Ufuk Mert & Ayşe Caner

  3. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Ayşe Caner, Seray Töz & Yusuf Özbel

  4. Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Muhammed Nalçaci

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Yetişmiş, K., Mert, U., Caner, A. et al. Blood Meal Analysis and Molecular Detection of Leishmania DNA in Wild-Caught Sand Flies in Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Acta Parasit. 67, 932–942 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-022-00542-4

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