SpringerLink
Log in

Performance Difference Between the Spoke and Rim in an Extruded AZ80 + 0.4%Ce Magnesium Alloy Wheel under Equal Strain

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To tackle the critical challenge concerning the disparate performance outcomes between the spoke and rim in extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy wheel hub, finite element simulation was used to optimize the shape parameters of the hollow billet and improved equivalent strain was achieved. The paper studied the microstructure evolution and mechanical property response of the alloy after the forming process. The experimental results showed that the grain sizes of the spoke and rim were 32.95 and 33.84 μm, respectively, when using the optimized shape parameters, and both of them were completely dynamically recrystallized. Although the fine grain strengthening and precipitation hardening effects were consistently obtained in both samples, a discernible distinction was revealed by the mechanical property analysis. Specifically, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the rim specimens evinced a notable 13.8 and 15.4% higher in comparison to the spoke specimens. This discrepancy was further elucidated by the texture analysis, which illuminated that the spoke was distinguished by an extrusion direction–transverse direction double-peak basal texture, while the rim was marked by a normal direction–transverse direction (ND–TD) double-peak basal component after extrusion. The distinct texture patterns gave rise to varying predominant deformation mechanisms during loaded at room temperature, where the textured TD-oriented grains within the spoke unfriendly promoted the initiation of {10-12} tensile twinning at low yield stress, while both the ND and TD component within the hub manifested a markedly high activation of prismatic slip with high yield stress. The cumulative effect of these contrasting deformation pathways ultimately led to a marked contrast in the YS between the two regions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Q. Wang, Z.-M. Zhang, X. Zhang, and Yu. Jian-min, Precision Forging Technologies for Magnesium Alloy Bracket and Wheel, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2008, 18, p 205–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Q. Wang, Z.-M. Zhang, X. Zhang, and G.-J. Li, New Extrusion Process of Mg Alloy Automobile Wheels, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2010, 20, p 599–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. G. Rivers, Cyclic Fatigue Behaviour of Wrought AZ80 Magnesium Alloy from Forged Automotive Wheel. M.Sc. thesis, McMaster University, 2011.

  4. P. Li, D.M. Maijer, T.C. Lindley, and P.D. Lee, A through Process Model of the Impact of In-Service Loading, Residual Stress, and Microstructure on the Final Fatigue Life of an A356 Automotive Wheel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 460, p 20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Shang, W. Altenhof, H. Hu, and N. Li, Rotary Fatigue Analysis of Forged Magnesium Road Wheels, SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf., 2008, 1(1), p 9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. W. Song, J.L. Woods, R.T. Davis, J.K. Offutt, E.P. Bellis, E.S. Handler, C.K. Sullivan, and T.W. Stone, Failure Analysis and Simulation Evaluation of an Al 6061 Alloy Wheel Hub, J Fail. Anal. Preven., 2015, 15(4), p 521–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. E.K. Orhorhoro, I.A. Essienubong, and O.O. Joel, Failure Analysis and Optimization of Aircraft Wheel Hub for Optimum Landing Scenario, IJETT, 2018, 60(2), p 135–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Wu, Research on Microstructure and Properties of Az80 Alloy Forged Wheel Hub, AMC, 2014, 02(02), p 13–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. L.Y. Geng, Q. Wang, Y.B. Yang, Z.M. Zhang, M.J. Liang, and Y. Ren, 基于空心坯料挤压AZ80镁合金轮毂组织与性能研究 (microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy wheel hubs produced by extrusion process using hollow billet), Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng, 2018, 41(2), p 11–15. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Ren, Q. Wang, Z.M. Zhang, and J. Wang, 空心坯料挤压和传统挤压AZ80镁合金轮毂工艺对比研究 (microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy wheel hubs produced by extrusion process using hollow billet), Light Alloy Fabr. Technol, 2018, 46(11), p 50–54+60. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  11. X. Zhao, P. Gao, Z. Zhang, Q. Wang, and F. Yan, Fatigue Characteristics of the Extruded AZ80 Automotive Wheel, Int J Fatigue, 2020, 132, p 105393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. W. Wang, G. Cui, W. Zhang, W. Chen, and E. Wang, Evolution of Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy in a Single Rolling Pass, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 724, p 486–492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Imandoust, C.D. Barrett, A.L. Oppedal, W.R. Whittington, Y. Paudel, and H. El Kadiri, Nucleation and Preferential Growth Mechanism of Recrystallization Texture in High Purity Binary Magnesium-Rare Earth Alloys, Acta Mater., 2017, 138, p 27–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. X.X. Zhong, M. Fang, H.T. Yu, and W.G. Li, AZ80+Ce镁合金轮毂成形过程中的组织演变 (Microstructure Evolution of AZ80+Ce Magnesium Alloy Wheel Hub During Forming), Hot Work. Technol., 2016, 45(7), p 141–143. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. wang, X. Che, Y.B. Yang, Z.M. Zhang, L.Y. Geng, and Q. Wang, 扩收挤压成形的AZ80镁合金轮毂高周疲劳性能 (High Cycle Fatigue Properties of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Wheels Hub Formed by Expansion-Reduced Extrusion), Hot Work. Technol., 2022, 51(3), p 17–21+25. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Q. Wang, M. Meng, Q.L. Fang, and Z.M. Zhang, 复合挤压在铝合金轮毂成形中的应用研究 (Application of compound extrusion in aluminum alloy wheel hub forming), J. Plast. Eng., 2020, 27(12), p 18–23. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Wang, M. **a, Z. Fan, X. Zhou, and G.E. Thompson, The Effect of Al8Mn5 Intermetallic Particles on Grain Size of As-Cast Mg–Al–Zn AZ91D Alloy, Intermetallics (Barking), 2010, 18(8), p 1683–1689.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. S.-C. **, J.W. Cha, J. Go, J.H. Bae, and S.H. Park, Comparative Study of Extrudability, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of AZ80 and BA53 Alloys, J. Magnes. Alloy, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.07.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Z. Wang, J.-G. Wang, Z.-Y. Chen, M. Zha, C. Wang, S. Liu, and R.-F. Yan, Effect of Ce Addition on Modifying the Microstructure and Achieving a High Elongation with a Relatively High Strength of As-Extruded AZ80 Magnesium Alloy, Materials, 2018, 12(1), p 76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Xu. Wang Wei, Z.J. Chunxiang, C. Weili, and N. **aofeng, Effects of Ce Addition on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of as-cast AZ80 Magnesium Alloy, China Foundry, 2014, 11(03), p 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.G. Jiang, C. Xu, H. Yan, G.H. Fan, T. Nakata, C.S. Lao, R.S. Chen, S. Kamado, E.H. Han, and B.H. Lu, Unveiling the Formation of Basal Texture Variations Based on Twinning and Dynamic Recrystallization in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy during Extrusion, Acta Mater., 2018, 157, p 53–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S.-H. Kim, S.W. Lee, B.G. Moon, H.S. Kim, Y.M. Kim, and S.H. Park, Influence of Extrusion Temperature on Dynamic Deformation Behaviors and Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Al-0.5Zn-0.2Mn-0.3Ca-02Y Alloy, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2019, 8(6), p 5254–5270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Prakash, D. Toscano, S.K. Shaha, M.A. Wells, H. Jahed, and B.W. Williams, Effect of Temperature on the Hot Deformation Behavior of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020, 794, p 139923.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Jiang, W. Huang, D. Zhang, F. Guo, H. Xue, J. Xu, and F. Pan, Effect of Sn on the Microstructure Evolution of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy during Hot Compression, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 727, p 205–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Zindal, J. Jain, R. Prasad, S.S. Singh, R. Sarvesha, P. Cizek, and M.R. Barnett, Effect of Heat Treatment Variables on the Formation of Precipitate Free Zones (PFZs) in Mg-8Al-0.5Zn Alloy, Mater Charact, 2018, 136, p 175–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. X. Zhao, F.-F. Yan, Z.-M. Zhang, P.-C. Gao, and S.-C. Li, Influence of Heat Treatment on Precipitation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Extruded AZ80 Magnesium Alloy, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2021, 34(1), p 54–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. **, H. Liu, R. Wu, F. Zhong, L. Hou, and J. Zhang, Combination Effects of Yb Addition and Cryogenic-Rolling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of LA141 Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020, 788, p 139611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Z. Wang, X. Zhao, Z. Zhang, Y. Wu, K. Chen, X. Ren, D. Wang, and W. Wang, Strengthening Effect of Prefabrication (10–12) Tensile Twinning on AZ80+0.4%Ce Magnesium Alloy and Inhibition Mechanism of Discontinuous Precipitation, J. Magnes. Alloy, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Q. Yang, B. Jiang, Y. Tian, W. Liu, and F. Pan, A Tilted Weak Texture Processed by an Asymmetric Extrusion for Magnesium Alloy Sheets, Mater. Lett., 2013, 100, p 29–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Q. Wang, B. Jiang, A. Tang, S. Ma, Z. Jiang, Y. Chai, B. Liu, and F. Pan, Ameliorating the Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy: Role of Texture, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 689, p 395–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Q. Wang, J. Song, B. Jiang, A. Tang, Y. Chai, T. Yang, G. Huang, and F. Pan, An Investigation on Microstructure, Texture and Formability of AZ31 Sheet Processed by Asymmetric Porthole Die Extrusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 720, p 85–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. S.W. Xu, S. Kamado, and T. Honma, Effect of Homogenization on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Hot Compressed Mg–9Al–1Zn Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(6), p 2385–2393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Zindal, J. Jain, R. Prasad, S.S. Singh, and P. Cizek, Correlation of Grain Boundary Precipitate Characteristics with Fracture and Fracture Toughness in an Mg-8Al-0.5 Zn Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 706, p 192–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. **. Zhao, S. Li, Y. Zheng, Z. Liu, K. Chen, Yu. JianMin, Z. Zhang, and S. Zheng, The Microstructure Evolution, Texture Weakening Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of AZ80 Mg Alloy Processed by Repetitive Upsetting-Extrusion with Reduced Deformation Temperature, J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 883, p 160871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Z. **, Li. Shuchang, Z. Zhimin, G. Pengcheng, K. Shuailing, and Y. Fafa, Comparisons of Microstructure Homogeneity, Texture and Mechanical Properties of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Fabricated by Annular Channel Angular Extrusion and Backward Extrusion, J. Magnes. Alloy, 2020, 8(3), p 624–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. W.B. Hutchinson and M.R. Barnett, Effective Values of Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Slip in Polycrystalline Magnesium and Other Hcp Metals, Scr. Mater., 2010, 63(7), p 737–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. A. Poty, J.-M. Raulot, H. Xu, J. Bai, C. Schuman, J.-S. Lecomte, M.-J. Philippe, and C. Esling, Classification of the Critical Resolved Shear Stress in the Hexagonal-Close-Packed Materials by Atomic Simulation: Application to α-Zirconium and α-Titanium, J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 110(1), p 014905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. X. Lou, M. Li, R. Boger, S. Agnew, and R. Wagoner, Hardening Evolution of AZ31B Mg Sheet, Int. J. Plast., 2007, 23(1), p 44–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from Program for the Supported by Youth Innovation Team in Shanxi Province; the ‘Shanxi Province’s key core technology and common technology research and development special project’ (2020XXX015); and Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (Project 2021J231; 2021J232)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Aerospace Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China

    Yuzhen Cheng, Yayun He & ** Zhao

  2. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China

    Shuchang Li

  3. Engineering Technology Research Center for Integrated Precision Forming of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China

    **anwei Ren & Zhimin Zhang

Authors
  1. Yuzhen Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shuchang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yayun He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. ** Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. **anwei Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhimin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to ** Zhao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cheng, Y., Li, S., He, Y. et al. Performance Difference Between the Spoke and Rim in an Extruded AZ80 + 0.4%Ce Magnesium Alloy Wheel under Equal Strain. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 33, 4659–4670 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08269-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08269-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation