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Experimental Study and Simulation of Cavitation Shedding in Diesel Engine Nozzle using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Large Eddy Simulation

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Abstract

The unsteady cloud cavitation shedding in fuel nozzles greatly influences the flow characteristics and spray break-up of fuel, thereby causing erosion damage. With the application of high-pressure common rail systems in diesel engines, this phenomenon frequently occurs in the nozzle; however, cloud cavitation shedding frequency and its mechanism have yet to be studied in detail. In this study, a visualization experiment and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method were used to study the variations in the cavitation shedding frequency and analyze the cavitation flow structure in a 3 mm square nozzle. In addition, large eddy simulation (LES) was performed to explore the causes of cavitation shedding, and the relationship between cavitation and vortices. With the increase of the inlet and outlet pressure differences, and fuel temperatures, the degree of cavitation intensified and the frequency of cavitation cloud shedding gradually decreased. LES demonstrated the relationship between the vortices, and the development, shedding, and collapse of the cavitation clouds. Further, the re-entrant jet mechanism was found to be the main reason for the shedding of cavitation clouds. Through comparative experiments, the fluctuation of the vapor volume fraction in the nozzle hole accurately predicted the regions with stable cavitation, re-entrant jet, cavitation cloud shedding, and collapse. The frequency of cavitation shedding can then be calculated. This study employed an instantaneous POD method based on instantaneous cavitation images, which can distinguish the evolution process and characteristics of cavitation in the nozzle hole of diesel engines.

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Abbreviations

C s :

Smagorinsky coefficient

D :

nozzle diameter/mm

FFT:

Fast Fourier transform

L :

nozzle length/mm

L ij :

second-order tensor

LES:

Large eddy simulation

P in :

inlet pressure/MPa

P out :

outlet pressure/MPa

P sat :

saturation pressure/MPa

POD:

Proper orthogonal decomposition

Re :

Reynolds number

\({{\bar S}_{ij}}\) :

average rate of stress tensor

T :

fuel temperature/K

\({\vec V}\) :

velocity gradient

Y + :

Normalized distance at the first layer of mesh

Δ:

grid-filter scale sub-grid vortex viscosity

μ s :

coefficient

ρ m :

mixture density/kg·m−3

σ :

cavitation number

σ ij :

viscous stress tensor

τ ij :

sub-grid stress

ω :

relative vorticity

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50906041).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Medium-Low Temperature Thermal Energy Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tian** University, Tian**, 300350, China

    Jiajun He, Qingsong An, Shuai Feng & Kemu Zhang

  2. Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute, Shanghai, 201108, China

    Jiangshan **

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  1. Jiajun He
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  2. Qingsong An
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  3. Jiangshan **
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Correspondence to Jiangshan **.

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He, J., An, Q., **, J. et al. Experimental Study and Simulation of Cavitation Shedding in Diesel Engine Nozzle using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Large Eddy Simulation. J. Therm. Sci. 32, 1487–1500 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-023-1817-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-023-1817-8

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