SpringerLink
Log in

Experiment Investigation and Control Strategies on Two-Phase Refrigerant Injection Heat Pump System for Electric Vehicle in Start-up Stage

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Due to the poor heating performance and operating safety in low ambient temperature, traditional Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) has many limits in cold region, which can be solved by the ASHP with refrigerant injection. During the start-up stage of EV in winter, the inlet air temperature of the in-car condenser is the same as the ambient temperature. At this situation, the performance and control strategy of the heat pump require special attention. In the present study, a series of experiments were carried out on the heating performance of the Refrigerant Injection Heat Pump (RIHP) system in start-up stage of EV, at the ambient temperature from −20°C to −5°C. The effects of compressor speed and injected refrigerant state on the heating performance of the system were discussed in depth. According to the results, the control strategies during start-up stage have been discussed in the end of the article. The study provides a practical control strategy for the RIHP system during the start-up stage of electric vehicles, hel** to efficiently operate electric vehicles in cold regions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

A :

area/m2

c p :

specific heat of fluid at constant pressure/kJ·kg−1·°C−1

h :

enthalpy/kJ·kg−1

I :

electric current/A

m :

mass flow rate/kg·s−1

P :

power/kW

p :

pressure/MPa

Q h :

heat capacity/kJ

T :

temperature/°C

U :

voltage/V

v :

velocity/m·s−1

x :

quality

α :

injection ratio

φ :

coefficient

ρ :

density/kg·m−3

a:

air

cond:

condenser

dis:

discharge

in:

inlet

inj:

injection

opt:

optimization

s:

supply

suc:

suction

References

  1. Khayyam H., Kouzani A.Z., Hu E.J., Nahavandi S., Coordinated energy management of vehicle air conditioning system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011, 31: 750–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cao Y., Development of EV electric air conditioning module and performance simulation based on ADVISOR. Jilin University, Jilin, China, 2009. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hosoz M., Direk M., Performance evaluation of an integrated automotive air conditioning and heat pump system. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47: 545–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Direk M., Hosoz M., Yigit K.S., Canakci M., Turkcan A., Alptekin E., et al., Experimental performance of an R134a automobile heat pump system coupled to the passenger compartment. World Renewable Energy Congress, Sweden, 2011, pp. 3605–3612.

    Google Scholar 

  5. **e Z., Research of electrical vehicle heat pump air conditioner and its automatic control. Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, 2006. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ahn J.H., Kang H., Lee H.S., Kim Y., Performance characteristics of a dual-evaporator heat pump system for effective dehumidifying and heating of a cabin in electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 2015, 146: 29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ahn J.H., Kang H., Lee H.S., Jung H.W., Baek C., Kim Y., Heating performance characteristics of a dual source heat pump using air and waste heat in electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 2014, 119: 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang L., Jiang Y., Dong J., Yao Y., Advances in vapor compression air source heat pump system in cold regions: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81: 353–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bertsch S.S., Groll E.A., Two-stage air-source heat pump for residential heating and cooling applications in northern U.S. climates. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2008, 31: 1282–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sun D.W., Thermodynamic analysis of the operation of two-stage metal-hydride heat pumps. Applied Energy, 1996, 54: 29–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jang J.Y., Bae H.H., Lee S.J., Ha M.Y., Continuous heating of an air-source heat pump during defrosting and improvement of energy efficiency. Applied Energy, 2013, 110: 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Roh C.W., Kim M.S., Comparison of the heating performance of an inverter-driven heat pump system using R410A vapor-injection into accumulator and compressor. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2012, 35: 434–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Luo B., Oil flooded compression cycle enhancement for two-stage heat pump in cold climate region: system design and theoretical analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 115: 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. **ng M., Yan G., Yu J., Performance evaluation of an ejector subcooled vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 92: 431–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rajapaksha L., Influence of special attributes of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures on design and operation of vapour compression refrigeration and heat pump systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48: 539–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yilmaz M., Performance analysis of a vapor compression heat pump using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44: 267–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ma G.Y., Chai Q.H., Jiang Y., Experimental investigation of air-source heat pump for cold regions. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2003, 26: 12–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ding Y., Chai Q., Ma G., Jiang Y., Experimental study of an improved air source heat pump. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45: 2393–2403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ma G.Y., Li X.G., Exergetic optimization of a key design parameter in heat pump systems with economizer coupled with scroll compressor. Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48: 1150–1159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Xu S., Ma G., Exergy analysis for quasi two-stage compression heat pump system coupled with ejector. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2011, 35: 700–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ma G.Y., Chai Q.H., Characteristics of an improved heat-pump cycle for cold regions. Applied Energy, 2004, 77: 235–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang B., Li X., Shi W., Yan Q., Design of experimental bench and internal pressure measurement of scroll compressor with refrigerant injection. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2007, 30: 179–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang B., Shi W., Li X., Yan Q., Numerical research on the scroll compressor with refrigeration injection. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2008, 28: 440–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang B., Shi W., Han L., Li X., Optimization of refrigeration system with gas-injected scroll compressor. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2009, 32: 1544–1554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Heo J., Jeong M.W., Baek C., Kim Y., Comparison of the heating performance of air-source heat pumps using various types of refrigerant injection. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2011, 34: 444–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Heo J., Kang H., Kim Y., Optimum cycle control of a two-stage injection heat pump with a double expansion sub-cooler. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2012, 35: 58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Cho H., Chung J.T., Kim Y., Influence of liquid refrigerant injection on the performance of an inverter-driven scroll compressor. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2003, 26: 87–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Winandy E.L., Lebrun J., Scroll compressors using gas and liquid injection: experimental analysis and modeling. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2002, 25: 1143–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ma G.Y., Research on adaptability of air-source heat pump to low ambient temperature. Tsinghua University, Bei**g, China, 2001. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wang B.L., Study on the scroll compressor with refrigerant injection and its application. Tsinghua University, Bei**g, China, 2006. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Redón A., Navarro-Peris E., Pitarch M., Gonzálvez-Macia J., Corberán J.M., Analysis and optimization of subcritical two-stage vapor injection heat pump systems. Applied Energy, 2014, 124: 231–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen J., Research on the dynamic characteristics of low-temperature heat pump air conditioning system for electric vehicles. Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China, 2015. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chen T., Research and optimization on performance of heat pump air conditioning system for pure electric vehicles. Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China, 2016. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Liu Y., Simulation and experimental study on heat pump air conditioning system for pure electric vehicles. Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China, 2016. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Choi Y.U., Kim M.S., Kim G.T., et al., Performance analysis of vapor injection heat pump system for electric vehicle in cold startup condition. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2017, 80: 24–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kwon C., Kim M.S., Choi Y., et al., Performance evaluation of a vapor injection heat pump system for electric vehicles. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2017, 74: 138–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Han X., Zou H., Xu H., Tian C., Kang W., Experimental study on vapor injection air source heat pump with internal heat exchanger for electric bus. Energy Procedia, 2019, 158: 4147–4153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Han X., Zou H., Tian C., Tang M., Yan Y.E., Numerical study on the heating performance of a novel integrated thermal management system for the electric bus. Energy, 2019, 186: 115812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Han X., Zou H., Kang W., Xu H., Chen Y., Tian C., Experimental investigation on vapor injection ASHP for electric rail vehicles in cold region. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 153: 473–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Qin F., Xue Q., Albarracin Velez G.M., Zhang G., Zou H., Tian C., Experimental investigation on heating performance of heat pump for electric vehicles at 20°C ambient temperature. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 102: 39–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Qin F., Zhang G., Xue Q., Zou H., Tian C., Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of heat pump systems with two different injection portholes compressors for electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 2017, 185(2): 2085–2093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51576203).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Fei Qin, Hanzhou Liu & Deqi Chen

  2. Bei**g Key Laboratory of Thermal Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei**g, 100190, China

    Huiming Zou & Changqing Tian

Authors
  1. Fei Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hanzhou Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Huiming Zou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Deqi Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Changqing Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hanzhou Liu or Huiming Zou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Qin, F., Liu, H., Zou, H. et al. Experiment Investigation and Control Strategies on Two-Phase Refrigerant Injection Heat Pump System for Electric Vehicle in Start-up Stage. J. Therm. Sci. 30, 828–839 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-021-1458-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-021-1458-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation