Abstract
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with high volumetric energy density and intrinsic safety features are highly desirable for portable electronics. Herein, we report a Sn–Zn eutectic alloy foil as the additives and current collector free anode. The alloy’s superior plastic formation ability enables the easy production of foil anode. The foil exhibits high Zn–Sn interface densities and fine grain boundaries, which act as fast lithium ion diffusion sites, leading to its high volumetric specific capacity. The foil with the thinnest thickness shows a better volumetric specific capacity, whereas the foil with the thickest thickness maintains the best electrochemical–mechanical toleration due to the weakened lithiation driving force by its tougher mechanics. The LIB full-cell demonstrates strong thickness-dependent performances. This study gives insights into the engineered thickness issue for the alloy foil anode based LIBs and provides a direction guide towards low costs, high volumetric energy density, and intrinsic safety LIBs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wu F, Maier J, Yu Y (2020) Guidelines and trends for next-generation rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 49:1569–1614
**e Q, Zhang Y, **e D, Zhao P (2020) EDTA-Fe(III) sodium complex–derived bubble-like nitrogen-enriched highly graphitic carbon nanospheres as anodes with high specific capacity for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 26:85–94
**e Q, Qu S, Zhao P (2021) A facile fabrication of micro/nano-sized silicon/carbon composite with a honeycomb structure as high-stability anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem 884:115074
**e Q, Qu S, Zhang Y, Zhao P (2021) Nitrogen-enriched graphene-like carbon architecture with tunable porosity derived from coffee ground as high performance anodes for lithium ion batteries. Appl Surf Sci 537:148092
Duan J, Tang X, Dai H, Yang Y, Wu W, Wei X, Huang Y (2020) Building safe lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: a review. Electrochemical Energy Rev 3:1–42
Schmuch R, Wagner R, Hörpel G, Placke T, Winter M (2018) Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries. Nat Energy 3:267–278
Wang Z, Liu J, Wang M, Shen X, Qian T, Yan C (2020) Toward safer solid-state lithium metal batteries: a review. Nanoscale Advances 2:1828–1836
Xu L, Lu Y, Zhao C-Z, Yuan H, Zhu G-L, Hou L-P, Zhang Q, Huang J-Q (2021) Toward the scale-up of solid-state lithium metal batteries: the gaps between lab-level cells and practical large-format batteries. Adv Energy Mater 11:2002360
Heligman BT, Manthiram A (2021) Elemental foil anodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett 6:2666–2672
Boles ST, Tahmasebi MH (2020) Are foils the future of anodes? Joule 4:1342–1346
Xu H, Li S, Chen X, Zhang C, Liu W, Fan H, Yu Y, Huang Y, Li J (2019) Sn-alloy foil electrode with mechanical prelithiation: full-cell performance up to 200 cycles. Adv Energy Mater 9:1902150
Kim C, Kim H, Sadan MK, Jeon M, Cho G, Ahn J, Kim K, Cho K, Ahn H (2021) Development and evaluation of Sn foil anode for sodium-ion batteries. Small n/a: 2102618
Wang H, Tan H, Luo X, Wang H, Ma T, Lv M, Song X, ** S, Chang X, Li X (2020) The progress on aluminum-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 8:25649–25662
**e Q, Zhang Y, **e D, Zhao P (2020) Nitrogen-enriched graphitic carbon encapsulated Fe3O4/Fe3C/Fe composite derived from EDTA-Fe(III) sodium complex as libs anodes with boosted performance. J Electroanal Chem 857:113749
Li J-X, **e Q, Zhao P, Li C (2020) EDTA-Co(II) sodium complex derived Co(OH)2/Co3O4/Co nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-enriched graphitic porous carbon as lithium-ion battery anode with superior cycling stability. Appl Surf Sci 504:144515
Li H, Yamaguchi T, Matsumoto S, Hoshikawa H, Kumagai T, Okamoto NL, Ichitsubo T (2020) Circumventing huge volume strain in alloy anodes of lithium batteries. Nat Commun 11:1584
Fan H, Li S, Yu Y, Xu H, Jiang M, Huang Y, Li J (2021) Air-stable lixal foil as free-standing electrode with improved electrochemical ductility by shot-peening treatment. Adv Funct Mater 31:2100978
Yu Y, Li S, Fan H, Xu H, Jiang M, Huang Y, Li J (2020) Optimal annealing of al foil anode for prelithiation and full-cell cycling in Li-ion battery: the role of grain boundaries in lithiation/delithiation ductility. Nano Energy 67:104274
Fan H, Chen B, Li S, Yu Y, Xu H, Jiang M, Huang Y, Li J (2020) Nanocrystalline Li–Al–Mn–Si foil as reversible Li host: electronic percolation and electrochemical cycling stability. Nano Lett 20:896–904
Heligman BT, Kreder KJ, Manthiram A (2019) Zn-Sn interdigitated eutectic alloy anodes with high volumetric capacity for lithium-ion batteries. Joule 3:1051–1063
Wan M, Kang S, Wang L, Lee H-W, Zheng GW, Cui Y, Sun Y (2020) Mechanical rolling formation of interpenetrated lithium metal/lithium tin alloy foil for ultrahigh-rate battery anode. Nat Commun 11:829
Xu H, Li S, Zhang C, Chen X, Liu W, Zheng Y, **e Y, Huang Y, Li J (2019) Roll-to-roll prelithiation of Sn foil anode suppresses gassing and enables stable full-cell cycling of lithium ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 12:2991–3000
Jiang M, Yu Y, Fan H, Xu H, Zheng Y, Huang Y, Li S, Li J (2019) Full-cell cycling of a self-supporting aluminum foil anode with a phosphate conversion coating. ACS Appl Mat Interfaces 11:15656–15661
Tu S, Ai X, Wang X, Gui S, Cai Z, Zhan R, Tan Y, Liu W, Yang H, Li C, Sun Y (2021) Circumventing chemo-mechanical failure of Sn foil battery anode by grain refinement and elaborate porosity design. J Energy Chem 62:477–484
Kreder KJ, Heligman BT, Manthiram A (2017) Interdigitated eutectic alloy foil anodes for rechargeable batteries. ACS Energy Lett 2:2422–2423
Li H, Tao Y, Zhang C, Liu D, Luo J, Fan W, Xu Y, Li Y, You C, Pan Z-Z, Ye M, Chen Z, Dong Z, Wang D-W, Kang F, Lu J, Yang Q-H (2018) Dense graphene monolith for high volumetric energy density Li–S batteries. Adv Energy Mater 8:1703438
Chen F, Han J, Kong D, Yuan Y, **ao J, Wu S, Tang D-M, Deng Y, Lv W, Lu J, Kang F, Yang Q-H (2021) 1000 Wh L−1 lithium-ion batteries enabled by crosslink-shrunk tough carbon encapsulated silicon microparticle anodes. Nat Sci Rev 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab012
Son IH, Hwan Park J, Kwon S, Park S, Rümmeli MH, Bachmatiuk A, Song HJ, Ku J, Choi JW, Choi J-m, Doo S-G, Chang H (2015) Silicon carbide-free graphene growth on silicon for lithium-ion battery with high volumetric energy density. Nat Commun 6:7393
Park S-H, King PJ, Tian R, Boland CS, Coelho J, Zhang C, McBean P, McEvoy N, Kremer MP, Daly D, Coleman JN, Nicolosi V (2019) High areal capacity battery electrodes enabled by segregated nanotube networks. Nat Energy 4:560–567
Funding
The authors received financial support from the Jian-Hua Research Foundation of Hebei University of Technology (No. HB1921); the Natural Science Foundation of Tian** City, China (No. 19JCYBJC17900); and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (No. E2021202075).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, X., Gong, Y., Xu, C. et al. Thickness dependence of high volumetric energy density lithium ion battery based on Sn–Zn eutectic alloy foil anode. Ionics 28, 2685–2692 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-022-04550-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-022-04550-2