SpringerLink
Log in

An Attentional Blink Research on Different Types of Words in Male with Substance Use Disorder

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) tend to have attention bias to drug and negative emotions, which leads to drug craving and relapse. This study examines attentional bias from the time dimension, and adopts the rapid sequence visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to study the attentional blink effect of individuals with SUD towards different types of negative words. A total of 55 males with SUD were recruited from a compulsory drug rehabilitation center in Jiangxi Province. The results indicated that the following: (1) The accuracy of T2 recognition when T1 was correctly recognized (T2|T1) increased with the increase of the time interval, indicating that the attentional blink was successfully induced. (2) When T1 was addictive vocabulary, compared with the neutral vocabulary, the attentional blink effect of males with SUD was enhanced. When T2 was negative addiction vocabulary or negative vocabulary, compared with the neutral vocabulary, the attentional blink of males with SUD was weakened. The current research results not only find that males with SUD have an attention bias towards addiction clues from the time characteristics of the attention process, but also it is of great significance to guide the rehabilitation centers to improve the craving and relapse of males with SUD by reducing the appearance of negative addictive information.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (Brazil)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

SUD:

Substance use disorder

RSVP:

Rapid sequence visual presentation paradigm

T2|T1:

The accuracy of T2 recognition when T1 was correctly recognized

VSTM:

Visual short-term memory

References

  • Anderson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411(6835), 305–309.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. D., & Chan, L.-N. (2016). Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with tobacco, cannabinoids and smoking cessation products. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 55(11), 1353–1368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, A., Kim, M., & Hoffman, J. E. (2021). Searching for emotional salience. Cognition, 214, 104730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin-Sommers, A., Wolf, R., Buckholtz, J., Warren, C., & Newman, J. (2012). Exaggerated attention blink response in prisoners with externalizing. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(6), 688–693.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berardino, B. G., Fesser, E. A., Belluscio, L. M., Gianatiempo, O., Pregi, N., & Cánepa, E. T. (2019). Effects of cocaine base paste on anxiety-like behavior and immediate-early gene expression in nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex of female mice. Psychopharmacology (berl), 236(12), 3525–3539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binion, V. J. (1982). Sex differences in socialization and family dynamics of female and male heroin users. Journal of Social Issues, 38(2), 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blalock, L. D. (2015). Stimulus familiarity improves consolidation of visual working memory representations. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 77(4), 1143–1158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brevers, D., Cleeremans, A., Bechara, A., Laloyaux, C., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., & Noël, X. (2011a). Time course of attentional bias for gambling information in problem gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 675.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brevers, D., Cleeremans, A., Tibboel, H., Bechara, A., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., & Noël, X. (2011b). Reduced attentional blink for gambling-related stimuli in problem gamblers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(3), 265–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. W., Stewart, S., Gray, C. E., Ryan, C. L., Fettes, P., McLandress, A. J., & Dell’Aquila, R. (2018). Chronic cannabis use and attentional bias: Extended attentional capture to cannabis cues. Addictive Behaviors, 81, 17–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carretié, L., Mercado, F., Tapia, M., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2001). Emotion, attention, and the ‘negativity bias’, studied through event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41(1), 75–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choisdealbha, Á. N., Piech, R. M., Fuller, J. K., & Zald, D. H. (2017). Reaching back: The relative strength of the retroactive emotional attentional blink. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, W.-P., Lee, K.-H., Ko, C.-H., Liu, T.-L., Hsiao, R. C., Lin, H.-F., & Yen, C.-F. (2017). Relationship between psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance and internet addiction: Mediating effects of mental health problems. Psychiatry Research, 257, 40–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, P., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Field, M. (2015). Less than meets the eye: Reappraising the clinical relevance of attentional bias in addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 44, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christie, J., & Klein, R. (1995). Familiarity and attention: Does what we know affect what we notice? Memory & Cognition, 23(5), 547–550.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(1), 109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, Laureen O’Donnell. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2/3), 73–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., Teti, L. O., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). Mutual emotion regulation and the stability of conduct problems between preschool and early school age. Development and Psychopathology, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DePalma, F. M., Ceballos, N., & Graham, R. (2017). Attentional blink to alcohol cues in binge drinkers versus non-binge drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Lollo, V., Kawahara, J.-I., Ghorashi, S. S., & Enns, J. T. (2005). The attentional blink: Resource depletion or temporary loss of control? Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 69(3), 191–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dux, P. E., & Harris, I. M. (2007). On the failure of distractor inhibition in the attentional blink. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(4), 723–728. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ersche, K. D., Bullmore, E. T., Craig, K. J., Shabbir, S. S., Abbott, S., Müller, U., & Sahakian, B. J. (2010). Influence of compulsivity of drug abuse on dopaminergic modulation of attentional bias in stimulant dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(6), 632–644.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fabio, R., & Caprì, T. (2019). Automatic and controlled attentional capture by threatening stimuli. Heliyon, 5(5), e01752.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fals-Stewart, W., & Lam, W. K. (2010). Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(1), 87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, T., Wiedenmann, P., & Herrmann, M. (2006). Nicotine Stroop and addiction memory—An ERP study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62(2), 224–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97(1–2), 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, M., Marhe, R., & Franken, I. H. (2014). The clinical relevance of attentional bias in substance use disorders. CNS Spectrums, 19(3), 225–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, M., Munafò, M. R., & Franken, I. H. (2009). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between attentional bias and subjective craving in substance abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 589.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces. Cognition & Emotion, 16(3), 355–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., Hong, K., & Sinha, R. (2008). Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcoholics compared with social drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 33(2), 388–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geng, L., Jiang, T., & Han, D. (2011). Relationships among self-esteem, self-efficacy, and faith in people in Chinese heroin abusers. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(6), 797–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Cuevas, G., Martin-Fardon, R., Kerr, T. M., Stouffer, D. G., Parsons, L. H., Hammell, D. C., … Weiss, F. (2018). Unique treatment potential of cannabidiol for the prevention of relapse to drug use: preclinical proof of principle. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(10), 2036–2045.

  • Grant, D. S. (2014). Has social media begun to" sponsor" addiction recovery?: A study of face-to-face versus online sobriety support. Fielding Graduate University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, S. A., Rogowska, J., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2009). Altered affective response in marijuana smokers: An FMRI study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105(1–2), 139–153.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hartikainen, K. M. (2021). Emotion-attention interaction in the right hemisphere. Brain Sciences, 11(8), 1006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. R., Keenan, R. M., & Yellin, A. (1989). Effect of tobacco withdrawal on sustained attention. Addictive Behaviors, 14(5), 577–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keinan, G., Friedland, N., Kahneman, D., & Dan, R. (1999). The effect of stress on the suppression of erroneous competing responses. Anxiety Stress & Co**, 12(4), 455–476.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. F., Hoeppner, B. B., Urbanoski, K. A., & Slaymaker, V. (2011). Predicting relapse among young adults: Psychometric validation of the advanced warning of relapse (AWARE) scale. Addictive Behaviors, 36(10), 987–993.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. A., Nelson, L. M., & Anker, J. J. (2013). Attention and recognition memory bias for alcohol-related stimuli among alcohol-dependent patients attending residential treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 38(3), 1687–1690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koob, G. F. (2013). Negative reinforcement in drug addiction: The darkness within. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(4), 559–563.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koster, E. H., Raedt, R. D., Verschuere, B., Tibboel, H., & De Jong, P. J. (2009). Negative information enhances the attentional blink in dysphoria. Depression and Anxiety, 26(1), E16–E22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N., Li, B., Sun, N., & Ma, Y. (2008). Effects of addiction-associated and affective stimuli on the attentional blink in a sample of abstinent opiate dependent patients. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(1), 64–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marques-Teixeira, J. E., & Barbosa, M. F. S. (2005). Emotional states and informational brain processing in drug addicts free of drugs: An ERPs study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(3), 213–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGivern, C., Curran, D., & Hanna, D. (2021). Alcohol attention bias in 14–16 year old adolescents: An eye tracking study. Psychopharmacology (berl), 238(3), 655–664.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHugo, M., Olatunji, B. O., & Zald, D. H. (2013). The emotional attentional blink: What we know so far. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 151.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Metrik, J., Aston, E. R., Kahler, C. W., Rohsenow, D. J., McGeary, J. E., Knopik, V. S., & MacKillop, J. (2016). Cue-elicited increases in incentive salience for marijuana: Craving, demand, and attentional bias. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 167, 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.027

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Modi, P., Malik, L., Punia, V., Kumar, K., & Dogra, R. (2019). Attentional biases for alcohol-Stroop test in patients with alcohol dependence. Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences, 10(2), 155–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., De Bono, J., & Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00109-X

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenstein, M. R., Potter, M. C., & Theeuwes, J. (2009). Unmasking the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(1), 159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunes, E. V., Sullivan, M. A., & Levin, F. R. (2004). Treatment of depression in patients with opiate dependence. Biological Psychiatry, 56(10), 793–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, T., & Suzuki, N. (2004). On the saliency of negative stimuli: Evidence from attentional blink 1. Japanese Psychological Research, 46(1), 20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pecchinenda, A., Monachesi, B., & Laeng, B. (2020). Fearful expressions of rapidly presented hybrid-faces modulate the lag 1 sparing in the attentional blink. Acta Psychologica, 209, 103124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powis, B., Griffiths, P., Gossop, M., & Strang, J. (1996). The differences between male and female drug users: Community samples of heroin and cocaine users compared. Substance Use & Misuse, 31(5), 529–543.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(3), 849.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, M., Akutsu, H., & Dawson, J. (2001). Increased attentional blink after focal cerebral lesions. Neurology, 57(5), 795–800. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.57.5.795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008). The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3137–3146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. E., & Kolb, B. (2004). Structural plasticity associated with exposure to drugs of abuse. Neuropharmacology, 47, 33–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, L., Merz, C. J., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., Wolf, O. T., & Stark, R. (2011). Emotional modulation of the attentional blink: The neural structures involved in capturing and holding attention. Neuropsychologia, 49(3), 416–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1997). The attentional blink. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(8), 291–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigurjónsdóttir, Ó., Sigurðardóttir, S., Björnsson, A. S., & Kristjánsson, Á. (2015). Barking up the wrong tree in attentional bias modification? Comparing the sensitivity of four tasks to attentional biases. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 9–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soleimannejad, M., Tehrani-Doost, M., Khorrami, A., Joghataei, M. T., & Pishyareh, E. (2015). Evaluation of attention bias in morphine and methamphetamine abusers towards emotional scenes during early abstinence: An eye-tracking study. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 6(4), 223.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J., De Wit, H., & Eikelboom, R. (1984). Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review, 91(2), 251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Sass, S. M., Fisher, J. E., Edgar, J. C., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2010). Attentional bias to negative emotion as a function of approach and withdrawal anger styles: An ERP investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(1), 9–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H., & Conrod, P. J. (2008). Anxiety disorder and substance use disorder co-morbidity: Common themes and future directions. In Anxiety and substance use disorders (pp. 239–257): Springer.

  • Sun, M., Liu, F., Cui, L., Wei, P., & Zhang, Q. (2021). The effect of fearful faces on the attentional blink is modulated by emotional task relevance: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia, 162, 108043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, G., Wyble, B., & Chen, H. (2017). Working memory representations persist in the face of unexpected task alterations. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79(5), 1408–1414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trippe, R. H., Hewig, J., Heydel, C., Hecht, H., & Miltner, W. (2007). Attentional Blink to emotional and threatening pictures in spider phobics: Electrophysiology and behavior. Brain Research, 1148(none), 149–160.

  • Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G.-J., Swanson, J. M., & Telang, F. (2007). Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: Results of imaging studies and treatment implications. Archives of Neurology, 64(11), 1575–1579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollstädt-Klein, S., Loeber, S., Von der Goltz, C., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2009). Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli increases during the early stage of abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 44(5), 458–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Wardle, M. C., Liu, S., Dias, N. R., & Lane, S. D. (2016). Attentional bias in adults with cannabis use disorders. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(2), 144–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton, M. A., Blow, F. C., & Booth, B. M. (2001). Diversity in relapse prevention needs: Gender and race comparisons among substance abuse treatment patients. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27(2), 225–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Zhou, L., & Luo, Y. (2008). Preliminary compilation and evaluation of Chinese emotional word system. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 22(8), 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A. J., & Feyerabend, C. (2000). Determinants and effects of attentional bias in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14(2), 111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A. J., Heishman, S. J., Lerman, C., & Pickworth, W. (2007). Enhanced identification of smoking-related words during the attentional blink in smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 32(12), 3077–3082.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A. J., Shiffman, S., Sayette, M. A., Paty, J. A., Gwaltney, C. J., & Balabanis, M. H. (2003). Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 22(4), 378.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 292–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • **e, W., & Zhang, W. (2016). Negative emotion boosts quality of visual working memory representation. Emotion, 16(5), 760.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, X., & Tan, C. (2021). The relationship between the family functioning of individuals with drug addiction and relapse tendency: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 625.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank participants and staff in Jiangxi compulsory drug rehabilitation center.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 19BGL230), and the “13th Five-Year Plan” Project of Educational Science in Jiangxi Province (grant numbers 20YB19).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China

    Mengyao Lu & **aoqing Zeng

  2. **dingshan Vocational and Technical College, **dingshan, 467000, China

    Chenxin Lian

Authors
  1. Mengyao Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chenxin Lian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. **aoqing Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Mengyao Lu: software, writing—original draft, reviewing, editing and submission; Chenxin Lian, writing—original draft, reviewing, and editing, data collection; **aoqing Zeng: conceptualization, methodology, visualization, writing—original draft, reviewing, and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to **aoqing Zeng.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Drug rehabilitation Administration of Jiangxi Province, China, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Psychology College of Jiangxi Normal University. All participants were asked to obtain the informed consent form in written. All respondents answer was kept confidential.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lu, M., Lian, C. & Zeng, X. An Attentional Blink Research on Different Types of Words in Male with Substance Use Disorder. Int J Ment Health Addiction 22, 494–512 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00885-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00885-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation