Abstract
The hydrocarbon accumulation modes and differences in the Tethyan realm serve as a hot research topic in the petroleum geology community at home and abroad. Both the Persian Gulf Basin in the Middle East and the Sichuan Basin in China, situated on the southern and northern sides of the Tethyan realm, respectively, record the whole geological process of the opening and closure of the Prototethys, the Paleotethys, and the Neotethys sequentially, exhibiting anomalous hydrocarbon enrichment Based on the analysis of the plate tectonic evolution in the Tethyan realm, this study dissects the structures and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of both basins. Followed by a systematic comparative analysis of the factors controlling hydrocarbon enrichment in the process of plate breakup and convergence in the Tethyan realm, this study proposes petroleum exploration targets in the realm. The results are as follows: (1) Since the Meso-Neoproterozoic, the Persian Gulf Basin and the Sichuan Basin have undergone similar tectonic evolution in the early stage but different in the late stage. Under the influence of the formation and evolution of the Prototethys, Paleotethys, and Neotethys oceans, both basins experienced multi-stage development and modification, forming two major extension-convergence cycles. Consequently, both basins are characterized by the vertical orderly superimposition of various basin prototypes in the order of rift-intracratonic basin (passive continental margin)-foreland. (2) The fact that the Tethyan realm was long located at medium-low latitudes and the local anoxic environment formed in the process of plate breakup and convergence played a vital role in the formation of extensive source rocks. The source rocks are predominantly distributed in underfilled rifts and deep depressions that were connected to the ocean in the unidirectional continental breakup process; basin-slopes and intra-shelf basins on passive continental margins; basinal lows within intracratonic basins, and underfilled foredeeps in foreland basins. The favorable areas for the formation of carbonate reservoirs include platform margins, submarine highs and paleo-uplifts within platforms, and fault zones. The evaporite cap rocks, intimately associated with the basin evolutionary stages and global dry-hot events, are critical for large-scale hydrocarbon preservation. (3) Under the influence of Tethyan evolution, the Persian Gulf Basin and the Sichuan Basin share similar primary factors controlling hydrocarbon enrichment. The moderate tectono-sedimentary differentiation and structural modification in the process of prototype basin superimposition, as well as the spatio-temporal matching of elements critical for hydrocarbon accumulation, are beneficial for the development of large oil and gas fields. The macroscopic hydrocarbon distribution is dictated by source rock-cap rock assemblages, while the local hydrocarbon distribution is governed by trap-reservoir assemblages. The critical factors determining the differential hydrocarbon enrichment in the Persian Gulf Basin and the Sichuan Basin include plate size and position, basement stability, eustatic movement, paleoclimate, and tectonic transformation. Besides, different tectonic modification intensities are closely related to the type, enrichment degree, and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agard P, Omrani J, Jolivet L, Mouthereau F. 2005. Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): Constraints from collisional and earlier deformation. Int J Earth Sci-Geol Rund, 94: 401–119
Alsharhan A S, Nasir S J Y. 1996. Sedimentological and geochemical interpretation of a transgressive sequence: The Late Cretaceous Qahlah Formation in the western Oman Mountains, United Arab Emirates. Sediment Geol, 101: 227–242
Bai G P. 2007. A preliminary study of main control factors on oil and gas distribution in Persian Gulf Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). J China Univ Petrol-Ed Nat Sci, 31: 28–32
Banks G. 2012. Defining Zagros structural domains in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq. In: The CSPG Structural Geology Division. 1–38
Berra F, Angiolini L. 2014. The evolution of the Tethys region throughout the Phanerozoic: A brief tectonic reconstruction. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, https://doi.org/10.1306/M1061343
Beydoun Z R. 1991. Cratonization of the Arabian Shield: The Basement Grain is Imprinted: Chapter 2. Novart Found Sym, 255: 4742–4747
Dai J X. 1996. Natural Gas Geology in China Vol. 2 (in Chinese with English abstract). Bei**g: Petroleum Industry Press
Demaison G J, Moore G T. 1980. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. Org Geochem, 2: 9–31
De Wever P, O’Dogherty L, Goričan Š. 2014. Monsoon as a cause of radiolarite in the Tethyan realm. Comptes Rendus Geosci, 346: 287–297
Ding L, Maksatbek S, Cai F L, Wang H Q, Song P P, Ji W Q, Xu Q, Zhang L Y, Muhammad Q, Upendra B. 2017. Processes of initial collision and suturing between India and Asia. Sci China Earth Sci, 60: 635–651
Eltom H A, Rankey E C, Hasiotis S T, Gonzalez L A, Cantrell D A. 2017. Impact of upwelling on heterozoan, biosiliceous, and organic-rich deposits: Jurassic (oxfordian) Hanifa Formation, Saudi Arabia (Article). J Sediment Res, 87: 1235–1258
Fard I A, Braathen A, Mokhtari M, Alavi S A. 2006. Interaction of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt and the Arabian-type, deep-seated folds in the Abadan Plain and the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Petrol Geosci, 12: 347–362
Franke W, Cocks L R M, Torsvik T H. 2017. The Palaeozoic Variscan oceans revisited. Gondwana Res, 48: 257–284
Gan K W. 1992. World Petroleum Basin Map Instructions (in Chinese with English abstract). Bei**g: Petroleum Industry Press
Gao P, Li S J, Lash G G, He Z L, **ao X M, Zhang D W, Hao Y Q. 2020. Silicification and Si cycling in a silica-rich ocean during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Chem Geol, 552: 119787
Gao P, Li S J, Lash G G, Yan D T, Zhou Q, **ao X M. 2021. Stratigraphic framework, redox history, and organic matter accumulation of an Early Cambrian intraplatfrom basin on the Yangtze Platform, South China. Mar Pet Geol, 130: 105095
Geert K, Afifi A M, Al-Hajri S A, Droste H J. 2001. Paleozoic stratigraphy and hydrocarbon habitat of the Arabian Plate. GeoArabia 6: 407–142
Gu Z D, Zhai X F, Jiang X F, Huang P H, Qian H Y, Qiao L. 2013. Geochemical characteristics and tectonic environment of basal granite in Weiyuan Structure, Sichuan Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci—J China Univ Geosci, 38(S1): 31–12
Haq B U, Al-Qahtani A M. 2005. Phanerozoic cycles of sea-level change on the Arabian Platform. GeoArabia, 10: 127–160
He D F. 2022. Multi-cycle superimposed sedimentary basins in China: Formation, evolution, geologic framework and hydro-carbon occurrence (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 29: 24–59
He D F, Li D S, Zhang G W, Zhao L Z, Fan C, Lu R Q, Wen Z. 2011. Formation and evolution of multi-cycle superposed Sichuan Basin, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Chin J Geology, 46: 589–606
He Z L, Li S J, Wo Y J, Zhang D W, Gu Y, Zhou Y. 2017. Major factors controlling hydrocarbon preservation condition in the marine basins of China and its evaluation ideas (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 33: 1221–1232
He Z, Li S, Nie H, Yuan Y, Wang H. 2019. The shale gas “sweet window”: “The cracked and unbroken” state of shale and its depth range. Mar Pet Geol, 101: 334–342
He Z L, Nie H K, Li S J, Liu G X, Ding J H, Bian R K, Lu Z Y. 2021. Differential occurence of shale gas in the Permian Longtan Formation of Upper Yangtze region constrained by plate tectonics in the Tethyan domain (in Chinese with English abstract). Oil Gas Geol, 42: 1–15
He Z L, Nei H K, Zhang Y Y. 2016. The main factors of shale gas enrichment of Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 23: 8–17
He Z, Nie H, Li S, Luo J, Wang H, Zhang G. 2020. Differential enrichment of shale gas in upper Ordovician and lower Silurian controlled by the plate tectonics of the Middle-Upper Yangtze, south China. Mar Pet Geol, 118: 104357
He Z L, Peng S T, Zhang T. 2010. Controlling factors and genetic pattern of the Ordovician reservoirs in the Tahe area, Tarim Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Oil Gas Geol, 31: 743–752
Heydari E. 2008. Tectonics versus eustatic control on supersequences of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Tectonophysics, 451: 56–70
Hu X, Li J, Han Z, Li Y. 2020. Two types of hyperthermal events in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic: Environmental impacts, biotic effects, and driving mechanisms. Sci China Earth Sci, 63: 1041–1058
Huang B C, Zhou Y X, Zhu R X. 2008. Discussions on Phanerozoic evolution and formation of continental China, based on paleomagnetic studies (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 69: 348–359
Jenkyns H C. 1988. The early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event: Stratigraphic, sedimentary and geochemical evidence. Amer J Sci, 288: 101–151
Jia C Z. 2001. Structural Geology and Natural Gas of the Northern Tethyan Basin Group (in Chinese with English abstract). Bei**g: Petroleum Industry Press
Jia X L, He D F, Tong X G, Wang Z M. 2011. Distribution of global giant oil and gas fields (in Chinese with English abstract). China Petrol Explor, 16: 1–7
** Z J, Hu Z Q, Gao B, Zhao J H. 2016. Controlling factors on the enrichment and high productivity of shale gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations, southeastern Sichuan Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 23: 1–10
** Z. 2012. Formation and accumulation ofoil and gas in marine carbonate sequences in Chinese sedimentary basins. Sci China Earth Sci, 55: 368–385
** Z J. 2014. A study on the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs controlled by source-cap rock assemblage in unmodified foreland region of Tarim Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Oil Gas Geol, 35: 763–770
** Z J, Long S X, Zhou Y, Wo Y J, **ao K H, Yang Z Q, Yin J Y. 2006. A study on the distribution of saline-deposit in southern China (in Chinese with English abstract). Oil Gas Geol, 27: 571–583, 593
Karim K H, Koyi H, Baziany M M, Hessami K. 2011. Significance of angular unconformities between Cretaceous and Tertiary strata in the northwestern segment of the Zagros fold-thrust belt, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq. Geol Mag, 148: 925–939
Keppie D F. 2015. How the closure of paleo-Tethys and Tethys oceans controlled the early breakup of Pangaea. Geology, 43: 335–338
Khan M Z, Feng Q L, Zhang K, Guo W. 2019. Biogenic silica and organic carbon fluxes provide evidence of enhanced marine productivity in the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian of South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 534: 109278
Klemme H D, Ulmishek G F. 1991. Effective petroleum source rocks of the world: Stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors. AAPG Bull, 75: 1809–1851
Li S J, Gao P, Huang B Y, Wang H J, Wo Y J. 2018. Sedimentary constraints on the tectonic evolution of Mianyang-Changning trough in the Sichuan Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Oil Gas Geol, 39: 889–898
Li S Z, Yang C, Zhao S J, Li X Y, Suo Y H, Guo L L, Yu S, Dai L M, Li S J. 2016. Global Early Paleozoic orogens (II): Subduction-accretionary-type orogeny (in Chinese with English abstract). J Jilin Univ-Earth Sci Ed, 46: 968–1004
Litak R K, Barazangi M, Brew G, Sawaf T, Al-Imam A, Al-Youssef W. 1998. Structure and evolution of the petroliferous Euphrates graben system, southeast Syria. AAPG Bull, 82: 1173–1190
Liu S G, Sun W, Zhong Y, Deng B, Song J M, Ran B, Luo Z L, Han K Q. 2017. Evolutionary episodes and their characteristics within the Sichuan marine craton basin during Phanerozoic Eon, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 33: 1058–1072
Lu Y B, Jiang S, Lu Y C, Xu S, Shu Y, Wang Y X. 2019. Productivity or preservation? The factors controlling the organic matter accumulation in the late Katian through Hirnantian Wufeng organic-rich shale, South China. Mar Pet Geol, 109: 22–35
Luo J N, Wang X L, Li Y T, Zhu Z F, Feng X T, **e Y. 2002. Sedimentary geological evolution of the Qinghai-**zang Tethys (in Chinese with English abstract). Sediment Geol Tethyan Geol, 22: 7–15
Ma Y S, Cai X Y, Guo T L. 2007. Main controlling factors of oil and gas charging, enrichment and accumulation in Puguang large gas field in Sichuan Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Chin Sci Bull, 52: 149–155
Ma Y S, Cai X Y, Li G X. 2005. Basic characteristics and concentration of the Puguang Gas Field in the Sichuan Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geol Sin, 79: 858–865
Ma Y S, Chen H D, Wang G L. 2009. Structural-Sequence Lithofacies Paleogeographic Atlas of Southern China (in Chinese with English abstract). Bei**g: China Science Press
Mohajjel M, Fergusson C L, Sahandi M R. 2003. Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, western Iran. J Asian Earth Sci, 21: 397–412
Molnar M. 2006. Tertiary development of the Zagros Mountains. Geology, 418
Moore C H, Druckman Y. 1981. Burial diagenesis and porosity evolution, upper Jurassic Smackover, Arkansas and Louisiana. AAPG Bull, 65, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F919995-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D
Mouthereau F. 2011. Timing of uplift in the Zagros belt/Iranian plateau and accommodation of late Cenozoic Arabia-Eurasia convergence. Geol Mag, 148: 726–738
Muttoni G, Gaetani M, Kent D V, Sciunnach D, Angiolini L, Berra F, Garzanti E, Mattei M, Zanchi A. 2009. Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation during the Permian. GeoArabia, 14: 17–48
Pan G T. 1994. An evolution of Tethys in global ocean-continent transformation (in Chinese with English abstract). Tethyan Geol, 18: 23–40
Pedersen L B, Bastani M. 2016. Estimating rock-vector magnetization from coincident measurements of magnetic field and gravity gradient tensor. Geophysics, 81: B55–B64
Qiang Z T. 1998. Carbonate Reservoir Geology (in Chinese with English abstract). Dongying: University of Petroleum Press
Qiu Z, Lu B, Chen Z H, Zhang R, Dong D Z, Wang H Y, Qiu J L. 2019. Discussion of the Relationship between Volcanic Ash Layers and Organic Enrichment of Black Shale: A case study of the Wufeng-Long-maxi gas shales in the Sichuan Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Sedimentol Sin, 37: 1296–1308
Reymond B A, Stampfli G M. 1996. Three-dimensional sequence stratigraphy and subtle stratigraphic traps associated with systems tracts: West Cameron region, offshore Lousiana, Gulf of Mexico. Mar Petrol Geol, 13: 41–60
Ren J S, Niu B G, Liu Z G. 1999. Soft collision, overlap** orogeny and multicycle suturing (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 6: 85–94
Ren J S. 1994. Composition, structure, evolution and dynamics of mainland China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geosci Sin, 15: 5–13
Riding R. 2000. Microbial carbonates: The geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology, 47: 179–214
Rong J Y, Zhan R B, Xu H G, Huang B, Yu G H. 2010. Expansion of the Cathaysian Oldland through the Ordovician-Silurian transition: Emerging evidence and possible dynamics. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 53: 1–17
Ruban D A, Al-Husseini M I, Iwasaki Y. 2007. Review of Middle East Paleozoic plate tectonics. GeoArabia, 12: 35–56
Sengör AMC, Natal’in B A. 1996. Turkic-type orogeny and its role in the making of the continental crust. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci, 24: 263–337
Şengör AMC. 1989. The Tethyside orogenic system: An introduction. In: Şengör AMC, ed. Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Dordrecht: Springer. 259: 1–22
Sharland M P. 2001. Geology of Oman conference. GeoArabia, 6: 271–334
Su W B. 2016. Revision of the Mesoproterozoic chronostratigraphic subdivision both of North China and Yangtze Cratons and the relevant issues (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 23: 156–185
Sun D S, Li S J, Li J J, Li Y Q, Yang T B, Feng X K, Li H L, Han Z Z, He Z L. 2022. Insights from a comparison of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of Sinian-Cambrian between the Tarim and the Sichuan basins (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geol Sin, 96: 249–264
Tagliabue A, Bowie A R, Boyd P W, Buck K N, Johnson K S, Saito M A. 2017. The integral role of iron in ocean biogeochemistry. Nature, 543: 51–59
Tan X C, **ao D, Chen J S, Li L, Liu H. 2015. New advance and enlightenment of eogenetic karstification (in Chinese with English abstract). J Palaeogeogr, 17: 441–456
Tong X G, Niu J Y. 1989. Effects of regional cap formation on oil and gas accumulation (in Chinese with English abstract). Petrol Explor Develop, 16: 1–8
Torsvik T H, Doubrovine P V, Domeier M. 2014. Continental drift (Paleomagnetism). In: Jack Rink W, Thompson J W, eds. Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Dordrecht: Springer. 177–187
Torsvik T H, Eide E A, Meert J G, Smethurst M A, Walderhaug H J. 1998. The Oslo Rift: New palaeomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints. Geophys J Int, 135: 1045–1059
Torsvik T H. 2019. Earth history: A journey in time and space from base to top. Tectonophysics, 760: 297–313
Tribovillard N, Algeo T J. 2009. Environmental analysis of paleoceanographic systems based on molybdenum-uranium covariation. Chem Geol, 268: 211–225
Trotter J A, Williams I S, Barnes C R, Lecuyer C, Nicoll R S. 2008. Did cooling oceans trigger Ordovician biodiversification? Evidence from conodont thermometry. Science, 321: 550–554
Vandenbroucke T R A, Armstrong H A, Williams M, Paris F, Sabbe K, Zalasiewicz J A, Nölvak J, Verniers J. 2010. Epipelagic chitinozoan biotopes map a steep latitudinal temperature gradient for earliest Late Ordovician seas: Implications for a cooling Late Ordovician climate. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 294: 202–219
Veevers J J, Tewari R C. 1995. Permian-Carboniferous and Permian-Triassic magmatism in the rift zone bordering the Tethyan margin of southern Pangea. Geology, 23: 467–470
von Raumer J F. 1998. The Palaeozoic evolution in the Alps: From Gondwana to Pangea. Geologische Rundschau, 87: 407–435
Wan B, Chu Y, Chen L, Liang X F, Zhang Z Y, Ao S J, Talebian M. 2021. Paleo-Tethys subduction induced slab-drag opening the Neo-Tethys: Evidence from an Iranian segment of Gondwana. Earth-Sci Rev, 221: 103788
Wan B, Wu F, Chen L, Zhao L, Liang X, **ao W, Zhu R. 2019. Cyclical one-way continental rupture-drift in the Tethyan evolution: Subduction-driven plate tectonics. Sci China Earth Sci, 62: 2005–2016
Wang C S, Zheng H R, Ran B, Liu B P, Li X H, Li Y L, Sun H J, Chen J P, Hu X M. 2010. On paleogeographic reconstruction: An example for application in Tibetan Tethys (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Sedimentol Sin, 28: 849–860
Wang J Q. 1990. Anxian tectonic movement (in Chinese with English abstract). Oil Gas Geol, 11: 223–234
Wang X J, Zhao Y G. 2012. Superposed evolution of Persian Gulf Basin and its petroleum distribution (in Chinese with English abstract). Chin J Geol, 47: 1223–1237
Wang Y X, Xu S, Hao F, Zhang B Q, Shu Z G, Gou Q Y, Lu Y B, Cong F Y. 2020. Multiscale petrographic heterogeneity and their implications for the nanoporous system of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in Jiaoshiba area, Southeast China: Response to depositional-diagenetic process. GSA Bull, 132: 1704–1721
Wang Z C, Zhao W Z, Peng H Y. 2002. Characteristics of multi-source petroleum systems in Sichuan basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Petrol Explor Develop, 29: 26–28
Wen Z X, Tong X G, Zhang G Y, Wang Z M, Yang S F, Chen H L, Song C P. 2014. The transformation and stacking process of prototype basin in five global plate tectonic evolution stages (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci Front, 21: 26–37
Wu F Y, Wan B, Zhao L, **ao W J, Zhu R X. 2020. Tethyan geodynamics (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 36: 1627–1674
Xu Z Q, Yang J S, Li W C, Li H Q, Cai Z H, Y Z, Ma C Q. 2013. Paleo-Tethys system and accretionary orogen in the Tibet Plateau (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 29: 1847–1860
Xu Z Q. 2011. Preface (in Chinese with English abstract). Geol China, 38: 805–806
Yan D T, Chen D Z, Wang Z Z, Li J, Yang X R, Zhang B. 2019. Climatic and oceanic controlled deposition of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian black shales on the North Yangtze platform, South China. Mar Pet Geol, 110: 112–121
Yan D T, Wang H, Fu Q L, Chen Z H, He J, Gao Z. 2015. Organic matter accumulation of Late Ordovician sediments in North Guizhou Province, China: Sulfur isotope and trace element evidences. Mar Pet Geol, 59: 348–358
Yan P L, Zhang N, Yuan H Y, Qi L, Liu X Y. 2023. Possible South-dip** Mesozoic subduction at Southern Tethys Ocean—Constrained from global tectonic reconstructions and seismic tomography. J Earth Sci, 34: 260–279
Yan Z, Chen L, **ong X, Wan B, Xu H. 2021. Oceanic plateau and subduction zone jump: Two-dimensional thermo-mechanical modeling. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 126: e21855
Yang S C, Hu W X, Wang X L. 2021. Mechanism and implications of upwelling from the Late Ordovician to early Silurian in the Yangtze region, South China. Chem Geol, 565: 120074
Yang S F, Chen H L, Gong Y H, Zhang Y, Meng L F. 2019. Sedimentary characteristics and basin-orogen processes of the Late Early Paleozoic foreland basins in the Lower Yangtze Region (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci—J China Univ Geosci, 44: 1494–1510
Yang Y C, Sun Y M, Li Y C, Zhang G C. 2013. Source rock geochemistry and its bearing on petroleum occurrence in the Persian Gulf Basin (in Chinese with English abstract). Mar Geol Front, 29: 36–46
Yin C Y, Gao L Z, **ng Y C, Wang Z Q, Tang F. 2004. Advances in the study on the Nanhua System of the Neoproterozoic and its stratotype in South China (in Chinese with English abstract). Proc Stratigr Paleontol, 28: 1–10
Yin C Y, Tang F, Liu P J, Gao L Z, Wang Z Q, Chen S M. 2009. New advance in the study of biostratigraphy of the Sinian (Ediacaran) Doushantuo Formation in South China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geosci Sin, 30: 421–432
Yin H F, Wu S B, Du Y S, Peng Y Q. 1999. South China defined as part of Tethyan archipelagic ocean system (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Sci—J China Univ Geosci, 8: 1–13
Zhang G W, Dong Y P, Lai S C, Guo A L, Meng Q R, Liu S F, Cheng S Y, Yao A P, Zhang Z Q, Pei X Z, Li S Z. 2003. The Mianlue structural belt and Mianlue suture zone on the southern edge of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt (in Chinese with English abstract). Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 33: 1121–1135
Zhang G Y, Tong X G, **n R C, Wen Z X, Ma F, Huang T F, Wang Z M, Yu B S, Li Y J, Chen H L, Liu X B, Liu Z D. 2019a. Evolution of lithofacies and paleogeography and hydrocarbon distribution worldwide (I). Pet Explor Dev, 46: 664–686
Zhang G Y, Tong X G, **n R C, Wen Z X, Ma F, Huang T F, Wang Z M, Yu B S, Li Y J, Chen H L, Liu X B, Liu Z D. 2019b. Evolution of lithofacies and paleogeography and hydrocarbon distribution worldwide (II). Pet Explor Dev, 46: 896–918
Zhao G C, Wang Y J, Huang B C, Dong Y P, Li S Z, Zhang G W, Yu S. 2018. Geological reconstructions of the East Asian blocks: From the breakup of Rodinia to the assembly of Pangea. Earth-Sci Rev, 186: 262–286
Zhao Z Y. 2000. Oil and gas accumulation in Tethys Structural Belt (in Chinese with English abstract). Explorator: Oil Gas, 5: 59–66
Zhong Y, Li Y L, Zhang X B, Liu S G, Wu F R, Liu D J, Deng X J, Chen S, Yang F, Li X J, Jiang B. 2014. Evolution characteristics of Central Sichuan palaeouplift and its relationship with Early Cambrian Mianyang-Changning intracratonic sag (in Chinese with English abstract). J Chengdu Univ Technol-Sci and Tech Ed, 41: 703–712
Zhou X X. 1997. Essentials about hydrocarbon distribution controlled by source and sela (in Chinese with English abstract). Petrol Explor Develop, 24: 4–7, 113
Zhu R X, Zhang S C, Wan B, Zhang W, Li Y, Wang H J, Luo B W, Liu Y K, He Z L, ** Z J. 2023. Effects of Neo-Tethyan evolution on the petroleum system of Persian Gulf Superbasin. Pet Explor Dev, 50: 1–13
Zhu R X, Zhao P, Zhao L. 2022. Tectonic evolution and geodynamics of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Sci China Earth Sci, 65: 1–24
Zhu W L, Mi L J, Gao L, Zhong K, Gao Y D. 2014. The innovation in knowledge and technology has given impetus to reaching a new stage in hydrocarbon exploration offshore China: A review of 2013 offshore exploration in China (in Chinese with English abstract). China Offshore Oil Gas, 26: 1–8
Ziegler M A. 2001. Late Permian to Holocene paleofacies evolution of the Arabian Plate and its hydrocarbon occurrences. GeoArabia, 6: 445–504
Zou C N, Du J H, Xu C C, Wang Z C, Zhang B M, Wei G Q, Wang T S, Yao J S, Deng S H, Liu J L. 2014. Formation, distribution, resource potential, and discovery of Sinian-Cambrian giant gas field, Sichuan Basin, SW China. Pet Explor Dev, 41: 306–325
Zou C N, Qiu Z, Poulton S W, Dong D Z, Wang H Y, Chen D Z, Lu B, Shi Z S, Tao H F. 2018. Ocean euxinia and climate change “double whammy” drove the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Geology, 46: 535–538
Zuza A V, Yin A. 2017. Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains. Geosphere, 13: 1664–1712
Acknowledgements
We express our sincere appreciation to academicians Rixiang ZHU, Fuyuan WU, Lin DING, and Researcher Bo WAN for their invaluable guidance and support throughout the research and manuscript preparation process. Additionally, we extend our gratitude to the responsible editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their meticulous review of this manuscript and their constructive feedback for revision. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 92255302, U19B6003 and 42002137).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, Z., **, Z., Li, S. et al. Prototypes, modifications, and hydrocarbon enrichment variations in basins influenced by Tethyan evolution: A comparative analysis of the Persian Gulf Basin and the Sichuan Basin. Sci. China Earth Sci. 66, 2871–2897 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1207-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1207-x