Abstract
Because of the low price and abundant reserves of sodium compared with lithium, the research of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in the field of large-scale energy storage has returned to the research spotlight. Layered oxides distinguish themselves from the mains cathode materials of SIBs owing to their advantages such as high specific capacity, simple synthesis route, and environmental benignity. However, the commercial development of the layered oxides is limited by sluggish kinetics, complex phase transition and poor air stability. Based on the research ideas from macro- to micro-scale, this review systematically summarizes the current optimization strategies of sodium-ion layered oxide cathodes (SLOC) from different dimensions: microstructure design, local chemistry regulation and structural unit construction. In the dimension of microstructure design, the various structures such as the microspheres, nanoplates, nanowires and exposed active facets are prepared to improve the slow kinetics and electrochemical performance. Besides, from the view of local chemistry regulation by chemical element substitution, the intrinsic electron/ion properties of SLOC have been enhanced to strengthen the structural stability. Furthermore, the optimization idea of endeavors to regulate the physical and chemical properties of cathode materials essentially is put forward from the dimension of structural unit construction. The opinions and strategies proposed in this review will provide some inspirations for the design of new SLOC in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Goodenough JB, Gao H. Sci China Chem, 2019, 62: 1555–1556
**ao Y, Zhang XD, Zhu YF, Wang PF, Yin YX, Yang X, Shi JL, Liu J, Li H, Guo XD, Zhong BH, Guo YG. Adv Sci, 2019, 6: 1801908
Ding J, Wang H, Li Z, Kohandehghan A, Cui K, Xu Z, Zahiri B, Tan X, Lotfabad EM, Olsen BC, Mitlin D. ACS Nano, 2013, 7: 11004–11015
Su H, Yu H. Small Methods, 2018, 3: 1800205
Hao G, Lai Q, Zhang H. J Energy Chem, 2021, 59: 547–571
Yang Z, Wu Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Gao S, Wang J, **ao Y, Zhong Y, Zhong B, Guo X. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8: 8049–8057
Chen J, Deng W, Gao X, Yin S, Yang L, Liu H, Zou G, Hou H, Ji X. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 6061–6104
**ao Y, **ang W, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Guo X. Ionics, 2016, 22: 1361–1368
Xu H, Yan Q, Yao W, Lee CS, Tang Y. Small Struct, 2022, 3: 2100217
Choi JW, Aurbach D. Nat Rev Mater, 2016, 1: 16013
**ao Y, Zhu Y, Gao T, Zhong B, Guo X. Ionics, 2016, 23: 27–34
Sun YK. ACS Energy Lett, 2020, 5: 1278–1280
Huang Y, Zheng Y, Li X, Adams F, Luo W, Huang Y, Hu L. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3: 1604–1612
Lv H, Li C, Zhao Z, Wu B, Mu D. J Energy Chem, 2021, 60: 435–450
Xu GL, Amine R, Xu YF, Liu J, Gim J, Ma T, Ren Y, Sun CJ, Liu Y, Zhang X, Heald SM, Solhy A, Saadoune I, Mattis WL, Sun SG, Chen Z, Amine K. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10: 1677–1693
** Y, Le PML, Gao P, Xu Y, **ao B, Engelhard MH, Cao X, Vo TD, Hu J, Zhong L, Matthews BE, Yi R, Wang C, Li X, Liu J, Zhang JG. Nat Energy, 2022, 7: 718–725
Wang H, Lai K, Guo F, Long B, Zeng X, Fu Z, Wu X, **ao Y, Dou S, Dai J. Carbon Neutralization, 2022, 1: 59–67
Lamb J, Manthiram A. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14: 28865–28872
Fang Y, Yu XY, Lou XWD. Matter, 2019, 1: 90–114
Zhou G, Xu L, Hu G, Mai L, Cui Y. Chem Rev, 2019, 119: 11042–11109
Zhang J, Yuan T, Wan H, Qian J, Ai X, Yang H, Cao Y. Sci China Chem, 2017, 60: 1546–1553
Yabuuchi N, Kubota K, Dahbi M, Komaba S. Chem Rev, 2014, 114: 11636–11682
Qiao Y, Guo S, Zhu K, Liu P, Li X, Jiang K, Sun CJ, Chen M, Zhou H. Energy Environ Sci, 2018, 11: 299–305
Peng J, Zhang W, Liu Q, Wang J, Chou S, Liu H, Dou S. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2108384
Liu Q, Hu Z, Chen M, Zou C, ** H, Wang S, Chou SL, Liu Y, Dou SX. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 1909530
Liu Y, Roy S, Sarkar S, Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhang J. Carbon Energy, 2021, 3: 795–826
Shi C, Wang L, Chen X, Li J, Wang S, Wang J, ** H. Nanoscale Horiz, 2022, 7: 338–351
Xu CL, **ang W, Wu ZG, Xu YD, Li YC, Li HT, **ao Y, Tan BC, Guo XD, Zhong BH. J Alloys Compd, 2019, 777: 434–442
Xu GL, Liu X, Zhou X, Zhao C, Hwang I, Daali A, Yang Z, Ren Y, Sun CJ, Chen Z, Liu Y, Amine K. Nat Commun, 2022, 13: 436
Yao HR, Lv WJ, Yuan XG, Guo YJ, Zheng L, Yang XA, Li J, Huang Y, Huang Z, Wang PF, Guo YG. Nano Energy, 2022, 97: 107207
Yan W, Yang S, Huang Y, Yang Y, Yuan G. J Alloys Compd, 2020, 819: 153048
Liu Y, Wu Z, Indris S, Hua W, Casati NPM, Tayal A, Darma MSD, Wang G, Liu Y, Wu C, **ao Y, Zhong B, Guo X. Nano Energy, 2021, 79: 105417
Yu L, Dong H, Chang YX, Cheng Z, Xu K, Feng YH, Si D, Zhu X, Liu M, **ao B, Wang PF, Xu S. Sci China Chem, 2022, 65: 2005–2014
**ao Y, Zhu YF, **ang W, Wu ZG, Li YC, Lai J, Li S, Wang E, Yang ZG, Xu CL, Zhong BH, Guo XD. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2020, 59: 1491–1495
Wang PF, You Y, Yin YX, Guo YG. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1701912
Liu Q, Hu Z, Li W, Zou C, ** H, Wang S, Chou S, Dou SX. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14: 158–179
Hwang JY, Myung ST, Sun YK. Chem Soc Rev, 2017, 46: 3529–3614
Gao RM, Zheng ZJ, Wang PF, Wang CY, Ye H, Cao FF. Energy Storage Mater, 2020, 30: 9–26
Yao HR, Zheng L, **n S, Guo YG. Sci China Chem, 2022, 65: 1076–1087
Ortiz-Vitoriano N, Drewett NE, Gonzalo E, Rojo T. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10: 1051–1074
Li Y, Chen M, Liu B, Zhang Y, Liang X, **a X. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10: 2000927
Liu Y, Liu Q, Zhang A, Cai J, Cao X, Li Z, Asimow PD, Zhou C. ACS Nano, 2018, 12: 8323–8329
Chae MS, Kim HJ, Bu H, Lyoo J, Attias R, Dlugatch B, Oliel M, Gofer Y, Hong S-, Aurbach D. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10: 2000564
Han MH, Gonzalo E, Singh G, Rojo T. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8: 81–102
Abraham KM. ACS Energy Lett, 2020, 5: 3544–3547
Song T, Wang C, Lee CS. Carbon Neutralization, 2022, 1: 68–92
Zhang W, Sun Y, Deng H, Ma J, Zeng Y, Zhu Z, Lv Z, **a H, Ge X, Cao S, **ao Y, ** S, Du Y, Cao A, Chen X. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 2000496
Shi Q, Qi R, Feng X, Wang J, Li Y, Yao Z, Wang X, Li Q, Lu X, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Nat Commun, 2022, 13: 3205
Chen T, Ouyang B, Fan X, Zhou W, Liu W, Liu K. Carbon Energy, 2022, 4: 170–199
Li J, Hu H, Wang J, **ao Y. Carbon Neutralization, 2022, 1: 96–116
Sun N, Song Y, Liu Q, Zhao W, Zhang F, Ren L, Chen M, Zhou Z, Xu Z, Lou S, Kong F, Wang J, Tong Y, Wang J. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12: 2200682
Zhang W, **a H, Zhu Z, Lv Z, Cao S, Wei J, Luo Y, **ao Y, Liu L, Chen X. CCS Chem, 2021, 3: 1245–1255
Song T, Kendrick E. J Phys Mater, 2021, 4: 032004
Or T, Gourley SWD, Kaliyappan K, Yu A, Chen Z. Carbon Energy, 2020, 2: 6–43
Sun Y, Guo S, Zhou H. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 9: 1800212
** T, Li H, Zhu K, Wang PF, Liu P, Jiao L. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49: 2342–2377
Liu Q, Xu R, Mu D, Tan G, Gao H, Li N, Chen R, Wu F. Carbon Energy, 2022, 4: 458–479
**ao Y, Zhu YF, Li L, Wang PF, Zhang W, Li C, Dou SX, Chou SL. Cell Rep Phys Sci, 2021, 2: 100547
Wang Q, Chu S, Guo S. Chin Chem Lett, 2020, 31: 2167–2176
Li Y, Lu Y, Zhao C, Hu YS, Titirici MM, Li H, Huang X, Chen L. Energy Storage Mater, 2017, 7: 130–151
Chu S, Kim D, Choi G, Zhang C, Li H, Pang WK, Fan Y, D’Angelo AM, Guo S, Zhou H. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62: e202216174
Wang PF, **ao Y, Piao N, Wang QC, Ji X, ** T, Guo YJ, Liu S, Deng T, Cui C, Chen L, Guo YG, Yang XQ, Wang C. Nano Energy, 2020, 69: 104474
Xu J, Xu Y, Lai C, **a T, Zhang B, Zhou X. Sci China Chem, 2021, 64: 1267–1282
Fang Y, Yu XY, Lou XWD. Angew Chem, 2017, 129: 5895–5899
Kaliyappan K, Xaio W, Sham TK, Sun X. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28: 1801898
Zhou P, Liu X, Weng J, Wang L, Wu X, Miao Z, Zhao J, Zhou J, Zhuo S. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7: 657–663
**ao Y, Abbasi NM, Zhu YF, Li S, Tan SJ, Ling W, Peng L, Yang T, Wang L, Guo XD, Yin YX, Zhang H, Guo YG. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 2001334
Niu YB, Yin YX, Wang WP, Wang PF, Ling W, **ao Y, Guo YG. CCS Chem, 2020, 2: 589–597
Hwang JY, Oh SM, Myung ST, Chung KY, Belharouak I, Sun YK. Nat Commun, 2015, 6: 6865
Chen C, Han Z, Chen S, Qi S, Lan X, Zhang C, Chen L, Wang P, Wei W. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 7144–7152
Su D, Wang C, Ahn H, Wang G. Chem Eur J, 2013, 19: 10884–10889
Deng J, Luo WB, Lu X, Yao Q, Wang Z, Liu HK, Zhou H, Dou SX. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1701610
**ao Y, Zhu YF, Yao HR, Wang PF, Zhang XD, Li H, Yang X, Gu L, Li YC, Wang T, Yin YX, Guo XD, Zhong BH, Guo YG. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9: 1803978
Gao L, Chen S, Zhang L, Yang X. J Power Sources, 2018, 396: 379–385
Li S, **ao Y, Zhu YF, Li YC, Chen T, Wang D, Liu YH, Liu H, Li Y, Li C, Wang GK, Liu YX, Song Y, Wu ZG, Zhong BH, Guo XD. Chem Eng J, 2021, 412: 128719
Liang L, Sun X, Denis DK, Zhang J, Hou L, Liu Y, Yuan C. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11: 4037–4046
Wei Q, **ong F, Tan S, Huang L, Lan EH, Dunn B, Mai L. Adv Mater, 2017, 29: 1602300
Liang L, Zhang W, Denis DK, Zhang J, Hou L, Liu Y, Yuan C. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7: 11915–11927
Cao Y, **ao L, Wang W, Choi D, Nie Z, Yu J, Saraf LV, Yang Z, Liu J. Adv Mater, 2011, 23: 3155–3160
Liu Y, Liu X, Bu F, Zhao X, Wang L, Shen Q, Zhang J, Zhang N, Jiao L, Fan LZ. Electrochim Acta, 2019, 313: 122–130
**ao Y, Wang T, Zhu YF, Hu HY, Tan SJ, Li S, Wang PF, Zhang W, Niu YB, Wang EH, Guo YJ, Yang X, Liu L, Liu YM, Li H, Guo XD, Yin YX, Guo YG. Research, 2020, 2020: 1469301
**e F, Xu Z, Guo Z, Lu Y, Chen L, Titirici MM, Hu YS. Sci China Chem, 2021, 64: 1679–1692
Zhang L-, Wei C, Fu XY, Chen ZY, Yan B, Sun PP, Chang KJ, Yang XL. Carbon Energy, 2021, 3: 827–839
**ao Y, Wang PF, Yin YX, Zhu YF, Niu YB, Zhang XD, Zhang J, Yu X, Guo XD, Zhong BH, Guo YG. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1803765
Mao Q, Gao R, Li Q, Ning D, Zhou D, Schuck G, Schumacher G, Hao Y, Liu X. Chem Eng J, 2020, 382: 122978
Zhao Q, Guo Z, Wang L, Wu Y, Butt FK, Zhu Y, Xu X, Ma X, Cao C. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11: 30819–30827
Li F, Fan K, Hou P, Huang H. Small Struct, 2021, 3: 2100123
Zhang L, Guan C, **e Y, Li H, Wang A, Chang S, Zheng J, Lai Y, Zhang Z. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14: 18313–18323
Shen Q, Liu Y, Zhao X, ** J, Wang Y, Li S, Li P, Qu X, Jiao L. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2106923
Ren H, Li Y, Ni Q, Bai Y, Zhao H, Wu C. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2106171
Chen F, Di Y, Su Q, Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Liang S, Cao X, Pan A. Carbon Energy, 2023, 5: e191
Su M, Huang G, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang H. Sci China Chem, 2021, 64: 1131–1156
Yabuuchi N, Hara R, Kajiyama M, Kubota K, Ishigaki T, Hoshikawa A, Komaba S. Adv Energy Mater, 2014, 4: 1301453
Kim HJ, Konarov A, Jo JH, Choi JU, Ihm K, Lee HK, Kim J, Myung ST. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9: 1901181
Guo YJ, Wang PF, Niu YB, Zhang XD, Li Q, Yu X, Fan M, Chen WP, Yu Y, Liu X, Meng Q, **n S, Yin YX, Guo YG. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 5267
Li XL, Wang T, Yuan Y, Yue XY, Wang QC, Wang JY, Zhong J, Lin RQ, Yao Y, Wu XJ, Yu XQ, Fu ZW, **a YY, Yang XQ, Liu T, Amine K, Shadike Z, Zhou YN, Lu J. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2008194
Huang Y, Zhu Y, Nie A, Fu H, Hu Z, Sun X, Haw SC, Chen JM, Chan TS, Yu S, Sun G, Jiang G, Han J, Luo W, Huang Y. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2105404
Wang K, Wan H, Yan P, Chen X, Fu J, Liu Z, Deng H, Gao F, Sui M. Adv Mater, 2019, 31: 1904816
Hu HY, Zhu YF, **ao Y, Li S, Li JY, Hao ZQ, Zhao JH, Chou SL. Adv Energy Mater, 2022, 12: 2201511
Liu Q, Hu Z, Chen M, Zou C, ** H, Wang S, Chou SL, Dou SX. Small, 2019, 15: 1805381
Luo LW, Zhang C, **ong P, Zhao Y, Ma W, Chen Y, Zeng JH, Xu Y, Jiang JX. Sci China Chem, 2020, 64: 72–81
Zhu YF, **ao Y, Hua WB, Indris S, Dou SX, Guo YG, Chou SL. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2020, 59: 9299–9304
Zhang K, Kim D, Hu Z, Park M, Noh G, Yang Y, Zhang J, Lau VW, Chou SL, Cho M, Choi SY, Kang YM. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 5203
Wang QC, Shadike Z, Li XL, Bao J, Qiu QQ, Hu E, Bak SM, **ao X, Ma L, Wu XJ, Yang XQ, Zhou YN. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11: 2003455
**ao Y, Wang PF, Yin YX, Zhu YF, Yang X, Zhang XD, Wang Y, Guo XD, Zhong BH, Guo YG. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8: 1800492
Zhu YF, **ao Y, Dou SX, Kang YM, Chou SL. eScience, 2021, 1: 13–27
Wang K, Du Y, Li Y, Wu X, Hu H, Wang G, **ao Y, Chou S, Zhang G. Carbon Energy, 2023, 5: e264
Su H, Jaffer S, Yu H. Energy Storage Mater, 2016, 5: 116–131
**ao Y, Wang HR, Hu HY, Zhu YF, Li S, Li JY, Wu XW, Chou SL. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2202695
Qiu L, Zhang M, Song Y, Wu Z, Zhu YF, Zhang J, Wang D, Hu HY, Li HW, Liu HR, Jia XB, Peng J, Chen S, Yang Z, **ao Y, Guo X. Carbon Energy, 2022, 5: e298
Chu S, Guo S, Zhou H. Chem Soc Rev, 2021, 50: 13189–13235
Qiu L, Zhang M, Song Y, **ao Y, Wu Z, **ang W, Liu Y, Wang G, Sun Y, Zhang J, Zhang B, Guo X. EcoMat, 2021, 3: e12141
Liu J, Wang J, Ni Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Yan Z, Zhang K, Zhao Q, Cheng F, Chen J. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2022, 61: e202207000
You Y, Manthiram A. Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 8: 1701785
Lu Y, Zhang Q, Chen J. Sci China Chem, 2019, 62: 533–548
Song M, Wang C, Du D, Li F, Chen J. Sci China Chem, 2019, 62: 616–621
You Y, **n S, Asl HY, Li W, Wang PF, Guo YG, Manthiram A. Chem, 2018, 4: 2124–2139
Wang C, Liu L, Zhao S, Liu Y, Yang Y, Yu H, Lee S, Lee GH, Kang YM, Liu R, Li F, Chen J. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 2256
Zhang T, Ji H, Hou X, Ji W, Fang H, Huang Z, Chen G, Yang T, Chu M, Xu S, Chen Z, Wang C, Yang W, Yang J, Ma X, Sun K, Chen D, Tao M, Yang Y, Zheng J, Pan F, **ao Y. Nano Energy, 2022, 100: 107482
Boivin E, House RA, Pérez-Osorio MA, Marie JJ, Maitra U, Rees GJ, Bruce PG. Joule, 2021, 5: 1267–1280
House RA, Maitra U, Pérez-Osorio MA, Lozano JG, ** L, Somerville JW, Duda LC, Nag A, Walters A, Zhou KJ, Roberts MR, Bruce PG. Nature, 2020, 577: 502–508
Lai J, Zhang J, Li Z, **ao Y, Hua W, Wu Z, Chen Y, Zhong Y, **ang W, Guo X. Chem Commun, 2020, 56: 4886–4889
Rojaee R, Shahbazian-Yassar R. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 2628–2658
** J, Liu Y, Pang X, Wang Y, **ng X, Chen J. Sci China Chem, 2020, 64: 385–402
Rong X, Hu E, Lu Y, Meng F, Zhao C, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yu X, Gu L, Hu YS, Li H, Huang X, Yang XQ, Delmas C, Chen L. Joule, 2019, 3: 503–517
Li Q, Xu S, Guo S, Jiang K, Li X, Jia M, Wang P, Zhou H. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1907936
Liu J, Qi R, Zuo C, Lin C, Zhao W, Yang N, Li J, Lu J, Chen X, Qiu J, Chu M, Zhang M, Dong C, **ao Y, Chen H, Pan F. Nano Energy, 2021, 88: 106252
Lai Y, **e H, Li P, Li B, Zhao A, Luo L, Jiang Z, Fang Y, Chen S, Ai X, **a D, Cao Y. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2206039
Wang Y, Wang L, Zhu H, Chu J, Fang Y, Wu L, Huang L, Ren Y, Sun CJ, Liu Q, Ai X, Yang H, Cao Y. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 1910327
Wang PF, Weng M, **ao Y, Hu Z, Li Q, Li M, Wang YD, Chen X, Yang X, Wen Y, Yin YX, Yu X, **ao Y, Zheng J, Wan LJ, Pan F, Guo YG. Adv Mater, 2019, 31: 1903483
Hu Z, Weng M, Chen Z, Tan W, Li S, Pan F. Nano Energy, 2021, 83: 105834
Hu HY, **ao Y, Ling W, Wu YB, Wang P, Tan SJ, Xu YS, Guo YJ, Chen WP, Tang RR, Zeng XX, Yin YX, Wu XW. Energy Technol, 2020, 9: 2000730
Li C, Hou J, Zhang J, Li X, Jiang S, Zhang G, Yao Z, Liu T, Shen S, Liu Z, **a X, **ong J, Yang Y. Sci China Chem, 2022, 65: 1420–1432
Li L, Chen C, Yu A. Sci China Chem, 2017, 60: 1402–1412
Jia H, Xu W. Trends Chem, 2022, 4: 627–642
Guo K, Qi S, Wang H, Huang J, Wu M, Yang Y, Li X, Ren Y, Ma J. Small Sci, 2022, 2: 2100107
Che H, Chen S, **e Y, Wang H, Amine K, Liao XZ, Ma ZF. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10: 1075–1101
** T, Han Q, Jiao L. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1806304
Chen H, Ling M, Hencz L, Ling HY, Li G, Lin Z, Liu G, Zhang S. Chem Rev, 2018, 118: 8936–8982
Li JT, Wu ZY, Lu YQ, Zhou Y, Huang QS, Huang L, Sun SG. Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 7: 1701185
Wang T, Su D, Shanmukaraj D, Rojo T, Armand M, Wang G. Electrochem Energ Rev, 2018, 1: 200–237
Zhu YF, **ao Y, Dou SX, Chou SL. Cell Rep Phys Sci, 2021, 2: 100631
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51971124, 52171217), the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, **’an Jiaotong University (EIPE22208), the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20200222), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M682878), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (LQ23E020002), Wenzhou Natural Science Foundation (G20220019), Cooperation between industry and education project of Ministry of Education (220601318235513), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52202284), Cooperation between industry and education project of Ministry of Education (220601318235513).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kong, LY., Liu, HX., Zhu, YF. et al. Layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: microstructure design, local chemistry and structural unit. Sci. China Chem. 67, 191–213 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-022-1550-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-022-1550-2