Abstract
Urbanization and economic development cause water pollution in the inner-city canals and rivers globally. Bung Xang canal in Can Tho city of Vietnam is facing problems with water pollution due to the lack of centralized wastewater treatment plants and low public awareness on environmental protection. Perception of local residents was collected using structured questionnaires including both qualitative and quantitative information. Regression analysis was employed to evaluate the factors affecting the decision of respondents on the willingness to pay (WTP) to improve water quality in the Bung Xang canal. Knowledge about the environmental protection fee for domestic wastewater (10% of the VAT-excluded from the selling price of 1 m3 of tap water purchased), age of the respondents and their education levels affected the WTP positively, while respondents’ perception on water quality affected the WTP negatively. There was 58.33% of the respondents showed the WTP for improved water quality in the canal. They agreed to pay a small fee of VND 10,000 to 15,000 (equivalent to USD 0.42-0.63)/month (1 US$= 23,700 VND). The result indicates that environmental education is the only way forward for a successful sustainable urban city.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Afroz R, Banna H, Masud MM, Akhtar R, Yahaya SR (2016) Household’s perception of water pollution and its economic impact on human health in Malaysia. Desalin Water Treat 57:115–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1006822
Ai NTL, Tam NM, NTQ H, Ky NM (2017) Comparison and evaluation of willingness to pay for household solid waste in Bien Hoa and My Tho cities The University of Danang. J Sci Technol 1:1–6
Boyer TA, Hopkins M, Moss JQ (2017) Chapter 3.1.1 - Willingness to Pay for Reclaimed Water: A Case Study for Oklahoma. In: Ziolkowska JR, Peterson JM (eds) Competition for Water Resources. Elsevier, pp 261–277
Bui NT, Darby S, Vu TQ, Mercado JMR, Bui TTP, Kantamaneni K, Nguyen TTH, Truong TN, Hoang HT, Bui DD (2022) Willingness to Pay for Improved Urban Domestic Water Supply System: The Case of Hanoi, Vietnam. Water 14:2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142161
Chowdhury MZI, Turin TC (2020) Variable selection strategies and its importance in clinical prediction modelling. Fam Med Community Health 8:e000262. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2019-000262
Cooper DR, Schindler PS (2013) Business Research Methods, 12th edn. McGraw Hill Education, New York, NY
Dang B-T, Trang NTD, Thao VTP, Dieu NTN, Vo T-K-Q, Nguyen N-K-Q, Tran C-S, Nguyen P-D, Jegatheesan V, Bui X-T (2022) Wastewater Pollution in Urban Canals of Vietnam: Restoration Using Nature-Based Solutions. In: Pachova N, Velasco P, Torrens A, Jegatheesan V (eds) Regional Perspectives of Nature-based Solutions for Water: Benefits and Challenges. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 127–173
de Simone Souza HH, Paulo PL, Boncz MA (2017) A constructed wetland system for residential greywater reuse: economic feasibility of, and willingness to pay for. Desalin Water Treat 91:336–348. doi. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20878
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2005) Designing household survey samples: practical guidelines. Series F No. 98. United Nation Publishing, New York, USA, p 38
Do TN, Bennett JW (2007) Willingness to pay for wetland improvement in Vietnam’s Mekong River Delta. 2007 Conference (51st). Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, Queenstown. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.10431
Dung LTP, Dat NH, Giang NTH (2016) Willingness to Pay for Remediation of Water Environment in Wooden Craff Village of Dong Ky, Bac Ninh. Vietnam J Agric Sci 14:274–280
Giao NT (2020) Evaluating surface water quality in Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho city, Vietnam. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 24. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.18
Headley T, Tanner C (2008) Floating Treatment Wetlands: An Innovative Option for Stormwater Quality Applications. In: 11th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, pp 1101–1106
Hue HT (2018) People’s willingness to pay to improve clean water service in Dong Trieu commune, Quang Ninh province. VNU J Sci: Earth Environ Sci 34:110–119. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4285
Hue HT, Thanh NN, Anh TV (2021) Defining the level of willingness to pay and improvement solutions for water supply service under climate condition in Nam Dinh province. Ha Noi University of Natural Resources and Development 36:97–108
Huynh X (2020) Can Tho: A hundred billion project is full of garbage on the footpath, constantly flooded (In Vietnamese). Available on https://danviet.vn/can-tho-cong-trinh-tram-ty-u-day-rac-thai-o-loi-di-bo-ngap-nuoc-lien-tuc-2020070216490016.htm. Accessed Date Accessed
Kim SE, Seo I, Choi SY (2017) Assessment of water quality variation of a monitoring network using exploratory factor analysis and empirical orthogonal function. Environ Model Softw 94:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.03.035
Le TPT, Aramaki T (2019) Factors affecting households’ willingness to pay for improved wastewater services in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J Water Environ Technol 17:163–173. https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.18-067
Lin L, Yang H, Xu X (2022) Effects of water pollution on human health and disease heterogeneity: A Review. Front Environ Sci 10:880246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246
Makwinja R, Kosamu IBM, Kaonga CC (2019) Determinants and Values of Willingness to Pay for Water Quality Improvement: Insights from Chia Lagoon, Malawi. Sustainability 11:4690
Mitra S, Ghosh S, Satpathy KK, Bhattacharya BD, Sarkar SK, Mishra P, Raja P (2018) Water quality assessment of the ecologically stressed Hooghly River Estuary, India: A multivariate approach. Mar Pollut Bull 126:592–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.053
Nam TS, Thao VTP, My THH, Dieu NTN, Anh NQ, Ly TTK, Sanh NT, Ngoc THM, Long HT, Thinh NP, Trang NTD (2022) Assessing surface water quality in Bung Xang canal Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho city. J Agric Rural Dev 440:92–99
Neumann L, Moglia M, Cook S, Nguyen M, Sharma A, Trung N, Nguyen B (2013) Water use, sanitation and health in a fragmented urban water system: Case study and household survey. Urban Water J 11:198–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.768685
Ngai NV, Phuoc NK, Hung PD (2012) Study on people’s willingness to pay for the clean water supply in Cao Lanh city, Dong Thap province. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of Science 7(2):3–19
Ngo TTD, Nguyen TCT, Vo TTP, Tran LK, Nguyen TH, Nguyen DTN, Tran DD, Dang TTT (2022) Factors affecting water quality and shrimp production in the mixed mangrove-shrimp systems in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Aquac Res 53:497–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15595
Nhan T (2020a) Can Tho: Close-up of stagnant garbage, causing loss of urban aesthetics at Bung Xang Lake. Labor Newspaper https://laodong.vn/ban-doc/can-tho-can-canh-rac-u-dong-gay-mat-my-quan-do-thi-tai-ho-bun-xang-862077.ldo. Accessed Date Accessed
Nhan T (2020b) Four months after the accident, Bun Xang Lake still has no railings or lights. Labor Newspaper. https://laodong.vn/ban-doc/4-thang-sau-vu-tai-nan-ho-bun-xang-van-chua-co-lan-can-den-chieu-sang-790149.ldo. Accessed Date Accessed
Nnorom IC, Ewuzie U, Eze SO (2019) Multivariate statistical approach and water quality assessment of natural springs and other drinking water sources in Southeastern Nigeria. Heliyon 5:e01123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01123
Orgill J, Shaheed A, Brown J, Jeuland M (2013) Water quality perceptions and willingness to pay for clean water in peri-urban Cambodian communities. J Water Health 11:489–506. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.212
Rumsey DJ (2016) Chapter 18. How to Interpret a Correlation Coefficient R in Statistics for Dummies, 2nd edn. Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, p 370
Saaty TL (1984) The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Decision Making in Complex Environments. In: Avenhaus R, Huber RK (eds) Quantitative Assessment in Arms Control. Springer, Boston, MA
Singh SK, Kaushik V, Soni S, Lamba N (2014) Waste Management in Restaurants: A Review. Int J Emerg Eng Res Technol 2:14–24
Tang H, Yang Z, Guo Z, Yang C, Huang F, Ran R (2022) The willingness to pay for agricultural irrigation water and the influencing factors in the Dujiangyan irrigation area: An empirical double-hurdle model analysis. Front Environ Sci 10:906400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.906400
The Government of Vietnam (2020) Decree No. 53/2020/ND-CP on Environmental Protection Fees for Wastewater. Vietnam Government Portal, Ha Noi. 21 pages. Accessed on https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=199964
Thuy NT, Ha TTT, Thuy VT (2015) Estimation of willingness to pay of local residents in order to minimize water pollution at vocational village of Van Phuc - Ha Dong. J For Sci Technol 2:123–130
Trinh LT, Duong CC, Van Der Steen P, Lens PNL (2013) Exploring the potential for wastewater reuse in agriculture as a climate change adaptation measure for Can Tho City, Vietnam. Agric Water Manag 128:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.003
UNICEF Viet Nam (2021) World Water Week 2021: Meet our expert. Accessed on https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/stories/world-water-week-2021-meet-our-expert.
Vagias WM (2006) Likert-type scale response anchors. In: Clemson International Institute for Tourism & Research Development, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management. Clemson University
World Bank (2019) Vietnam: Toward a Safe, Clean, and Resilient Water System. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/31770 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO, pp 190
World Bank (2020) Vietnam - Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Project (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323131593224246222/pdf/Vietnam-Urban-Water-Supply-and-Wastewater-Project.pdf
Zeineddine M, Kharroubi S, Chalak A, Hassan H, Abiad MG (2021) Post-consumer food waste generation while dining out: A close-up view. PLoS One 16:e0251947. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251947
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the T2022-66 project from Can Tho University and partially by the project (No. CRRP2021-06MY-Jegatheesan) funded by the Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research. Special thanks to the local authorities and households, who participated in the interviews and provided valuable information.
Funding
This work was funded by the T2022-66 project from Can Tho University and partially by the project (No. CRRP2021-06MY-Jegatheesan) funded by the Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ngo Thuy Diem Trang: corresponding author, conceptualization, methodology, questionnaire preparation, supervision, formal analysis, writing-original draft, finalization the paper. Jega V. Jegatheesan: APN Project leader, critical editing of the paper. Vo Thi Phuong Thao: conducting interview and statistical analysis. Nguyen Chau Thanh Tung: preparing all the figures, and multivariate analysis. Tran Sy Nam: T2022-66 project leader, participating in acquisition of data. Nguyen Van Cong, Nguyen Cong Thuan, and Duong Tri Dung: participating in acquisition of data. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Trang, N.T.D., Jegatheesan, V., Thao, V.T.P. et al. Local residents’ perception on factors affecting the willingness to pay for improved urban canal water: a case study in Can Tho city of Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33800-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33800-1