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Map** pollution dynamics: utilizing GNOME to model oil spill trajectories in tanker terminals

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to uncover the multifaceted environmental threats posed by Oil Spill Water Pollution (OSWP) originating from tanker terminals situated in the Qeshm and Hormozgan regions of Iran. In this region, water pollution arises from diverse sources, mostly from ruptured pipelines, corroded valves, unforeseen accidents, and aging facilities. The Qeshm Canal and Qeshm Tanker Terminal emerged as pivotal sites for investigation within this study. The focus is directed towards pinpointing vulnerable areas at risk of water contamination and delving into the intricate pathways and impacts associated with oil spills. Utilizing the sophisticated modeling capabilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) GNOME model, the research explores various scenarios extrapolated from seasonal atmospheric and oceanic data through 2022. The findings show the OSWP hazard zones located northeast of Qeshm. Notably, the wind and currents greatly affect how OSWPs are destined and dispersed. This underscores the intricate interplay between environmental factors and spill dynamics. In essence, this study not only sheds light on the imminent environmental threats posed by OSWP but also underscores the critical need for proactive measures and comprehensive strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts on marine ecosystems and coastal communities.

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Abbreviations

°K:

Temperature degrees in Kelvin

2D:

Two-dimensional

ADESCO:

Abu Dhabi Emergency Support Organization

ADIOS:

Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills

ALOHA:

Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres

ArcGIS:

Is a software that allows to handle and analyze Geographic Information Systems by visualizing geographical statistics

ASA:

American Science Association

Bch:

Beached

BMT:

British Maritime Technology

CMS:

Coastal Management Section

DM:

Dubai Municipality

DOE:

Department of Environment

ERD:

Emergency Response Division

Flt:

Floating

GIS:

Geographic Information System

GNOME:

General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment

GULFSLIK:

GULF War Simulation Oil Spill by King Fahad University

HDOE:

Hormozgan Department of Environment

HMO:

Hormozgan Meteorological Organization

IRIMO:

Iranian Meteorological Organization

INOS:

Institute of Oceanography and Environment

LEs:

Lagrangian elements

MOHID:

Modelo Hidrodinâmico

NCEC:

National Chemical Emergency Centre

NOAA:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

OILMAP:

Oil Spill Modeling Application

OILPOL:

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil

OSCAR:

Oil Spill Contingency and Response

OSIS:

Oil Spill Identification System

OSWP:

Oil Spill Water Pollution

ROPME:

Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment

RSA:

ROPME Sea Area

SDE:

School of Distance Education

SINTEF:

Stiftelsen for industriell og teknisk forskning (Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology)

SLROSM:

SL Ross Oil Spill Model

SSE:

South-southeast

SW:

Southwest

UMT:

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

UNESCO:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UPM:

Universiti Putra Malaysia

USM:

Universiti Sains Malaysia

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Funding

Financial support and research facilities were provided by the University of Hormozgan, USM, and UMT. The INOS Higher Institution of Centre of Excellence (UMT-LRGS (56041)) partially supported the extension of the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Non-Living of Atmospheric and Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Mehrnaz Farzingohar

  2. Geography Section, School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia

    Milad Bagheri

  3. Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Milad Bagheri & Mohd Fadzil Akhir

  4. Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Iraj Gholami

  5. Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim

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  1. Mehrnaz Farzingohar
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Methodology, M.F. and M.B.; software, M.F. and M.B.; validation, M.F., M.B., and Z.Z.I.; formal analysis, M.F. and M.B.; investigation, M.F. and M.B.; resources, M.F. and M.B.; data curation, M.F., M.B., and Z.Z.I.; writing original draft preparation, M.F. and Z.Z.I; visualization, M.F. and M.B.; supervision, M.F., M.B., and Z.Z.I.; project administration, M.F. and M.B.; funding acquisition, M.F., Z.Z.I., and M.F.A.; supervision, M.F., M.B., and Z.Z.I; writing, review, and editing, M.F., M.B., I.G., and M.F.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Milad Bagheri.

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Farzingohar, M., Bagheri, M., Gholami, I. et al. Map** pollution dynamics: utilizing GNOME to model oil spill trajectories in tanker terminals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 37404–37427 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33506-4

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