SpringerLink
Log in

A coupling model based on spatial characteristics and evolution of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage: a case study of Hanzhong

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ecosystem carbon storage (ECS) is a critical consideration in reducing the impact of global warming and tackling environmental challenges, positioning it at the forefront of contemporary research. Due to the significant differences in the influence of land usage patterns on ECS in various policy contexts and China’s commitment to attaining a carbon-neutral status, a model simulating different scenarios is needed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and evolutionary process of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems accurately. To address this challenge, this study established a coupling model of “Geographical analysis -Evolution analysis -Predicting (GEP)” for assessing ecosystem ECS and analyzing its spatial characteristics and evolutionary patterns and projecting the spatial distribution of ECS under various developmental scenarios, which analyzed variations in ECS across different levels of magnitude and delineated the changing areas across a range of varying scenarios in the future additionally. The outcomes suggested that the ECS decreased by 1.17 × 106 t from 1990 to 2020, which pertaining to the utilization transfer of land in the area, whose change in ECS levels with a positive trend. It is predicted that the ECS will grow by 1.15 × 106 t and 1.44 × 106 t, in 2030 and 2060 compared with 2020 within the framework of natural development scenario (NDS), while within the framework of ecological protection scene (EPS), ECS will increase significantly, increasing by 3.06 × 106 t and 4.44 × 106 t. There will be more areas where ECS increases within the framework of EPS, by comparing with the NDS. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Hanzhong City’s carbon storage trends, demonstrating its significant impact on climate change mitigation and serving as a predictive model for similar regions, which underscores the importance of localized carbon management strategies, offering valuable insights for local governments in formulating effective climate adaptation and mitigation policies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Caro C, Marques JC, Cunha PP, Teixeira Z (2020) Ecosystem services as a resilience descriptor in habitat risk assessment using the InVEST model. Ecol Ind 115:106426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chai C, Zhang B, Li Y, Niu W, Zheng W, Kong X, **a X (2023) A new multi-dimensional framework considering environmental impacts to assess green development level of cultivated land during 1990 to 2018 in China. Environ Impact Assess Rev 98:106927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Yao S (2022) Evaluation and dynamic prediction of ecological security from the perspective of sustainable development: a case study of Shaanxi Province, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(28):42331–42346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng J, Mao C, Huang Z, Hong J, Liu G (2022) Implementation strategies for sustainable renewal at the neighborhood level with the goal of reducing carbon emission. Sustain Cities Soc 85:104047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding Z, Yao S (2022) Assessing the ecological effectiveness of Slo** Land Conversion Programme to identify vegetation restoration types: a case study of Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau, China. Ecol Indic 145:109671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding J, Jia X, Zhang W, Klerkx L (2022) The effects of combined digital and human advisory services on reducing nitrogen fertilizer use: lessons from China’s national research programs on low carbon agriculture. Int J Agric Sustain 20(6):1136–1149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Kateb H, Zhang H, Zhang P, Mosandl R (2013) Soil erosion and surface runoff on different vegetation covers and slope gradients: a field experiment in Southern Shaanxi Province, China. Catena 105:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes MM, de Moura Fernandes MR, Garcia JR, Matricardi EAT, de Almeida AQ, Pinto AS, de Souza Lima AH (2020) Assessment of land use and land cover changes and valuation of carbon stocks in the Sergipe semiarid region, Brazil: 1992–2030. Land Use Policy 99:104795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu H, Zhao S, Liao C (2022) Spatial governance of Bei**g-Tian**-Hebei urban agglomeration towards low-carbon transition. Chin Agric Econ Rev 14(4):774–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao W, Zeng Y, Zhao D, Wu B, Ren Z (2020) Land cover changes and drivers in the water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China from 2000 to 2015. Chin Geogra Sci 30:115–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao G, Beardall J, ** P, Gao L, **e S, Gao K (2022a) A review of existing and potential blue carbon contributions to climate change mitigation in the Anthropocene. J Appl Ecol 59(7):1686–1699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao L, Tao F, Liu R, Wang Z, Leng H, Zhou T (2022b) Multi-scenario simulation and ecological risk analysis of land use based on the PLUS model: a case study of Nan**g. Sustain Cities Soc 85:104055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Han L, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Gao C (2022) Potential of ecosystem carbon sinks to “neutralize” carbon emissions: a case study of Qinghai in west China and a tale of two stages. Glob Transit 4:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong W, Duan X, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Ji P, Tong X, Liu T (2023) Multi-scenario simulation of land use/cover change and carbon storage assessment in Hainan coastal zone from perspective of free trade port construction. J Clean Prod 385:135630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y, Lin N, Ye X, Xu M, Qiu J, Zhang K, Xu D (2022) Assessing the impacts of human disturbance on ecosystem services under multiple scenarios in karst areas of China: insight from ecological conservation red lines effectiveness. Ecol Indic 142:109202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guddaraddi A, Goutam PK, Sonaniya P, Saikanth D, Abirami S, Dheer V (2023) Role of biological carbon mitigation in carbon sequestration: a review. Int J Environ Clim Chang 13(11):749–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Chen L, Luo Y, Liu Y (2022) Forest biomass turnover time estimation in China based on spatially explicit root: shoot ratios. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 31(7):1332–1344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Teng Y, Li J, Yan Y, Zhao C, Li Y, Li X (2024) A new assessment framework to forecast land use and carbon storage under different SSP-RCP scenarios in China. Sci Total Environ 912:169088

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He D, Hou K, Li XX, Wu SQ, Ma LX (2023a) A reliable ecological vulnerability approach based on the construction of optimal evaluation systems and evolutionary tracking models. J Clean Prod 419:138246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He N, Guo W, Wang H, Yu L, Cheng S, Huang L, Zhou H (2023b) Temporal and spatial variations in landscape habitat quality under multiple land-use/land-cover scenarios based on the PLUS-InVEST model in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Land 12(7):1338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang B, Lu F, Wang X, Wu X, Zhang L, Ouyang Z (2021) Ecological restoration and rising CO2 enhance the carbon sink, counteracting climate change in northeastern China. Environ Res Lett 17(1):014002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jescovitch LN, Scott EE, Cerchiara JA, Merrill J, Urban-Lurain M, Doherty JH, Haudek KC (2021) Comparison of machine learning performance using analytic and holistic coding approaches across constructed response assessments aligned to a science learning progression. J Sci Educ Technol 30(2):150–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang L, Hu X, Zhang G, Chen Y, Zhong H, Shi P (2022) Carbon emission risk and governance. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 13(2):249–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ke N, Lu X, Zhang X, Kuang B, Zhang Y (2023) Urban land use carbon emission intensity in China under the “double carbon” targets: spatiotemporal patterns and evolution trend. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(7):18213–18226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Zhu J (2022) Assessment and spatial partitioning of ecosystem services importance in Giant Panda National Park: to provide targeted ecological protection. PLoS ONE 17(12):e0278877

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Fu J, Jiang D, Lin G, Cao C (2022a) Land use optimization in Ningbo City with a coupled GA and PLUS model. J Clean Prod 375:134004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Liu Z, Li S, Li X (2022b) Multi-scenario simulation analysis of land use and carbon storage changes in Changchun city based on FLUS and InVEST model. Land 11(5):647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Lu Y, Wang Y, Liu J (2022c) The spatio-temporal evolution of the soil conservation function of ecosystems in the North-South Transition Zone in China: a case study of the Qinling-Daba Mountains. Sustainability 14(10):5829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Huang X, Yang H (2023a) A new framework for identifying ecological conservation and restoration areas to enhance carbon storage. Ecol Ind 154:110523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, **a X, Kou X, Niu L, Wan F, Zhu J, **ao W (2023b) Forest carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential in Shaanxi Province, China. Forests 14(10):2021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang X, Guan Q, Clarke KC, Liu S, Wang B, Yao Y (2021) Understanding the drivers of sustainable land expansion using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model: a case study in Wuhan, China. Comput Environ Urban Syst 85:101569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, **n L (2022) Assessment of the efficiency of cultivated land occupied by urban and rural construction land in China from 1990 to 2020. Land 11(6):941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Zhang H, Gao Y, Zhu W, Liu X, Xu Q (2019) Hotspot identification and interaction analyses of the provisioning of multiple ecosystem services: case study of Shaanxi Province, China. Ecol Indic 107:105566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luan C, Liu R (2022) A comparative study of various land use and land cover change models to predict ecosystem service value. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(24):16484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Lyu D, Sun K, Li S, Zhu B, Zhao R, Song K (2022) Spatiotemporal analysis and war impact assessment of agricultural land in Ukraine using RS and GIS technology. Land 11(10):1810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Z, Duan X, Wang L, Wang Y, Kang J, Yun R (2023) A scenario simulation study on the impact of urban expansion on terrestrial carbon storage in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Land 12(2):297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mengist W, Soromessa T, Feyisa GL (2023) Responses of carbon sequestration service for landscape dynamics in the Kaffa biosphere reserve, southwest Ethiopia. Environ Impact Assess Rev 98:106960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nandal A, Yadav SS, Rao AS, Meena RS, Lal R (2023) Advance methodological approaches for carbon stock estimation in forest ecosystems. Environ Monit Assess 195(2):315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson E, Mendoza G, Regetz J, Polasky S, Tallis H, Cameron D, Shaw M (2009) Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Front Ecol Environ 7(1):4–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ning K, Chen J, Li Z, Liu C, Nie X, Liu Y, Hu X (2021) Land use change induced by the implementation of ecological restoration programs increases future terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration in red soil hilly region of China. Ecol Indic 133:108409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhou Y (2023) Impact of land use change on regional carbon sink capacity: evidence from Sanmenxia, China. Ecol Indic 156:111189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul T, Kimberley MO, Beets PN (2021) Natural forests in New Zealand–a large terrestrial carbon pool in a national state of equilibrium. For Ecosyst 8(1):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piao S, Yue C, Ding J, Guo Z (2022) Perspectives on the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the ‘carbon neutrality’strategy. Sci China Earth Sci 65(6):1178–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piyathilake I, Udayakumara E, Ranaweera L, Gunatilake S (2022) Modeling predictive assessment of carbon storage using InVEST model in Uva province, Sri Lanka. Model Earth Syst Environ 8(2):2213–2223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi W, Hu Y, Linsheng Z, Hui W (2023) Optimising the relationship between ecological protection and human development through functional zoning. Biol Cons 281:110001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian C, Shao L, Hou X, Zhang B, Chen W, **a X (2019) Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend across distinct local landscapes under China’s Grain to Green Program: a case study in Shaanxi Province. Catena 183:104182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M, Mahmood A (2022) Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, technological innovation, and forest area towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Energy Clim Chang 3:100080

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren D-F, Cao A-H, Wang F-Y (2023) Response and multi-scenario prediction of carbon storage and habitat quality to land use in liaoning Province, China. Sustainability 15(5):4500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruehr S, Keenan TF, Williams C, Zhou Y, Lu X, Bastos A, Terrer C (2023) Evidence and attribution of the enhanced land carbon sink. Nat Rev Earth Environ 4(8):518–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shao Z, Chen C, Liu Y, Cao J, Liao G, Lin Z (2023) Impact of land use change on carbon storage based on FLUS-InVEST model: a case study of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, China. Land 12(8):1531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su F, Chang J, Li X, Fahad S, Ozturk I (2023) Assessment of diverse energy consumption structure and social capital: a case of southern Shaanxi province China. Energy 262:125506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Zhang Y, Qin W, Chai G (2022) Estimation and simulation of forest carbon stock in northeast China forestry based on future climate change and LUCC. Remote Sens 14(15):3653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun B, Du J, Chong F, Li L, Zhu X, Zhai G, Mao J (2023) Spatio-temporal variation and prediction of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems in the Yellow River Basin. Remote Sens 15(15):3866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao Y, Tian L, Wang C, Dai W (2023) Dynamic simulation of land use and land cover and its effect on carbon storage in the Nan**g metropolitan circle under different development scenarios. Front Ecol Evol 11:1102015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian J, Guo S, Deng L, Yin J, Pan Z, He S, Li Q (2021) Adaptive optimal allocation of water resources response to future water availability and water demand in the Han River basin, China. Sci Rep 11(1):7879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vicca S, Goll DS, Hagens M, Hartmann J, Janssens IA, Neubeck A, Sardans J (2022) Is the climate change mitigation effect of enhanced silicate weathering governed by biological processes? Glob Chang Biol 28(3):711–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Gong Z (2022) Evaluation and analysis of water conservation function of ecosystem in Shaanxi Province in China based on “Grain for Green” Projects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(55):83878–83896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Li T, Guo X, **a L, Lu C, Wang C (2022a) Plus-InVEST study of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration’s land-use change and carbon storage. Land 11(10):1617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Zhu R, Yin Z, Chen Z, Fang C, Lu R, Feng Y (2022b) Impacts of land-use change on the spatio-temporal patterns of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage in the Gansu Province, Northwest China. Remote Sens 14(13):3164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Gong Z, Deng Y (2022c) Identification of priority areas for improving quality and efficiency of vegetation carbon sinks in Shaanxi province based on land use change. J Nat Resour 37(05):1214–1232

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Li X, Mao Y, Li L, Wang X, Lin Q (2022d) Dynamic simulation of land use change and assessment of carbon storage based on climate change scenarios at the city level: a case study of Bortala, China. Ecol Indic 134:108499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Yuan W, Ma Y, Bai X, Huang L, Cheng S, Guo W (2023a) Spatiotemporal dislocation of ecosystem supply and demand services from habitat quality under different development scenarios. Ecol Indic 157:111230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Guan Q, Sun Y, Du Q, **ao X, Luo H, Mi J (2023b) Simulation of future land use/cover change (LUCC) in typical watersheds of arid regions under multiple scenarios. J Environ Manag 335:117543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Guo M, Zhang D, Chen R, ** C, Yang H (2023c) Coupling the calibrated GlobalLand30 data and modified PLUS model for multi-scenario land use simulation and landscape ecological risk assessment. Remote Sens 15(21):5186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei X, Zhang S, Luo P, Zhang S, Wang H, Kong D, Sun S (2023) A multi-scenario prediction and spatiotemporal analysis of the land use and carbon storage response in Shaanxi. Remote Sens 15(20):5036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu F, Yang X, Shen Z, Bian D, Babuna P (2021) Exploring sustainability and decoupling effects of natural capital utilization in China: evidence from a provincial three-dimensional ecological footprint. J Clean Prod 295:126486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • **ang S, Wang Y, Deng H, Yang C, Wang Z, Gao M (2022) Response and multi-scenario prediction of carbon storage to land use/cover change in the main urban area of Chongqing, China. Ecol Indic 142:109205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Liu X, Tong D, Liu Z, Yin L, Zheng W (2022) Forecasting urban land use change based on cellular automata and the PLUS model. Land 11(5):652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang T, Dong X, Liu Y (2022) Vegetation dynamics influenced by climate change and human activities in the Hanjiang River Basin, central China. Ecol Ind 145:109586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Lü Y, Fu B, Wu X, Wang S, Wu T (2023) The potential for carbon sequestration by afforestation can be limited in dryland river basins under the pressure of high human activity. Sci Total Environ 858:159817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Guo B, Wang C, Zang W, Huang X, Wu Z, Yang Y (2023) Carbon storage simulation and analysis in Bei**g-Tian**-Hebei region based on CA-plus model under dual-carbon background. Geomat Nat Haz Risk 14(1):2173661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarandian A, Mohammadyari F, Mirsanjari MM, Visockiene JS (2023) Scenario modeling to predict changes in land use/cover using Land Change Modeler and InVEST model: a case study of Karaj Metropolis, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 195(2):273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Wang Z, Chai J, Fu Y, Wei C, Wang Y (2019) Temporal and spatial changes of non-point source N and P and its decoupling from agricultural development in water source area of middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Sustainability 11(3):895

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Zhong Q, Cheng D, Xu C, Chang Y, Lin Y, Li B (2022a) Landscape ecological risk projection based on the PLUS model under the localized shared socioeconomic pathways in the Fujian Delta region. Ecol Ind 136:108642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Khan SU, Swallow B, Liu W, Zhao M (2022b) Coupling coordination analysis of China’s water resources utilization efficiency and economic development level. J Clean Prod 373:133874

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Zhao Y, Wu J (2023) Assessment of carbon balance attribution and carbon storage potential in China’s terrestrial ecosystem. Resour Conserv Recycl 189:106748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, He Z, Du J, Chen L, Lin P, Fang S (2019) Assessing the effects of ecological engineering on carbon storage by linking the CA-Markov and InVEST models. Ecol Ind 98:29–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Liu J, Hao H, Yang Y (2020) Quantifying the spatial heterogeneity and driving factors of aboveground forest biomass in the urban area of **’an China. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 9(12):744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Liu D, Zhu Y, Peng H, **e H (2022) A review of forest carbon cycle models on spatiotemporal scales. J Clean Prod 339:130692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong L, Wang J (2017) Evaluation on effect of land consolidation on habitat quality based on InVEST model. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng 33(1):250–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Song R, Sun S, Li Y, Hu K (2022) Land use/land cover change and its impact on ecosystem carbon storage in coastal areas of China from 1980 to 2050. Ecol Ind 142:109178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou C, Zhu J, Lou K, Yang L (2022) Coupling coordination and spatiotemporal heterogeneity between urbanization and ecological environment in Shaanxi Province, China. Ecol Indic 141:109152

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was funded by Shaanxi Province Department of Science and Technology (2022JQ-282) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (42007415).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, **’an Polytechnic University, **’an, 710048, China

    Bing Yuan, Kang Hou & Yaxin Li

  2. Key Laboratory of Soil and Water conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou, 450003, China

    Pengcheng Sun

Authors
  1. Bing Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kang Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yaxin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pengcheng Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Bing Yuan is the main contributor to the manuscript, a major participant in the research, and the writer of the manuscript. Kang Hou controls the overall direction of the research and manuscript, providing funding support. Yaxin Li participated in data collection and research content, while Pengcheng Sun provided methodological support.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kang Hou.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yuan, B., Hou, K., Li, Y. et al. A coupling model based on spatial characteristics and evolution of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage: a case study of Hanzhong. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 32725–32745 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33441-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33441-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation