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Characteristics, source analysis, and health risk of PM2.5 in the urban tunnel environment associated with E10 petrol usage

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Abstract

The increase in the number of motor vehicles has intensified the impact of traffic sources on air quality. Our aim was to illustrate the characteristics of PM2.5 emissions from vehicles fueled with E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline). A 21-day PM2.5 sampling in a fully enclosed urban tunnel and the component analysis were completed, and the characteristics, sources, and health risks of tunnel PM2.5 were studied. Moreover, the PM2.5 pH and its sensitivity were investigated by the thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA-II). In addition, exposure models were used to assess the health risks of different heavy metals in PM2.5 to humans through respiratory pathways. The two-point Cu/Sb ratio (entrance: 4.0 ± 1.4; exit: 4.4 ± 1.7) was close to the diagnostic criteria indicating a significant impact from brake wear. NO3−, NH4+, and SO42− constituted the main components of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 of the tunnel, accounting for 83.0–84.6% of the total concentration of inorganic ions. The organic carbon/elemental carbon ratio of the tunnel was greater than 2, indicating that the contribution of gasoline vehicle exhaust was significant. The average emission factors of PM2.5 in the fleet was 31.4 ± 16.6 mg/(veh·km). The pH value of PM2.5 in a tunnel environment (4.6 ± 0.3) was more acidic than that in an urban environment (4.9 ± 0.6). The main sensitive factors of PM2.5 pH in the urban atmosphere and tunnel environment were total ammonia (sum of gas and aerosol, NH3) and temperature, respectively. The results of the health risk assessment showed that Pb posed a potential carcinogenic risk, while As and Cd presented unacceptable risks for tunnel workers. The non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals of PM2.5 in the tunnel environment exceeded the safety threshold.

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The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52170117); the Key Research and Development Special Project of Henan Province (212102310065); the Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (VECS2022K05); and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution (2022YSKY-05).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

    Nan Jiang, Zhengqing Lv, Ruiqin Zhang, Rencheng Zhu & Guanghui Qu

  2. Henan Zhongtian High-Tech Smart Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

    Nan Jiang

  3. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Bei**g, 100012, China

    Rencheng Zhu

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  1. Nan Jiang
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Contributions

Jiang N. and Lv Q. conceptualized and planned the study. Zhu R., Jiang N., Lv Z., Zhang R., and Qu G. performed the experiments and data analysis, and Lv Z. prepared the original draft of the manuscript. Zhu R. and Jiang N. supervised the study, acquired funding, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rencheng Zhu.

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Highlights

• Characteristics of PM2.5 were analyzed from vehicles fueled with E10.

• The PM2.5 emission factor was 31.4 mg/(veh·km) in the tunnel.

• The PM2.5 pH in the tunnel was sensitive to temperature.

• As and Cd in the PM2.5 posed significant health risks to tunnel workers.

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Jiang, N., Lv, Z., Zhang, R. et al. Characteristics, source analysis, and health risk of PM2.5 in the urban tunnel environment associated with E10 petrol usage. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 30454–30466 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33194-0

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