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Anti-dengue potential and mosquitocidal effect of marine green algae–stabilized Mn-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Mn-SPIONs): an eco-friendly approach

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Abstract

Vector-borne diseases pose a significant public health challenge in economically disadvantaged nations. Malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis are spread by mosquitoes. Consequently, the most effective method of preventing these diseases is to eliminate the mosquito population. Historically, the majority of control programs have depended on chemical pesticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. Synthetic insecticides used to eradicate pests have the potential to contaminate groundwater, surface water, beneficial soil organisms, and non-target species. Nanotechnology is an innovative technology that has the potential to be used in insect control with great precision. The goal of this study was to test the in vitro anti-dengue potential and mosquitocidal activity of Chaetomorpha aerea and C. aerea–synthesized Mn-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CA-Mn-SPIONs). The synthesis of CA-Mn-SPIONs using C. aerea extract was verified by the observable alteration in the colour of the reaction mixture, transitioning from a pale green colour to a brown. The study of UV–Vis spectra revealed absorbance peaks at approximately 290 nm, which can be attributed to the surface Plasmon resonance of the CA-Mn-SPIONs. The SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, vibrating sample magnetometry, and XRD analyses provided evidence that confirmed the presence of CA-Mn-SPIONs. In the present study, results revealed that C. aerea aqueous extract LC50 values against Ae. aegypti ranged from 222.942 (first instar larvae) to 349.877 ppm in bioassays (pupae). CA-Mn-SPIONs had LC50 ranging from 20.199 (first instar larvae) to 26.918 ppm (pupae). After treatment with 40 ppm CA-Mn-SPIONs and 500 ppm C. aerea extract in ovicidal tests, egg hatchability was lowered by 100%. Oviposition deterrence experiments showed that in Ae. aegypti, oviposition rates were lowered by more than 66% by 100 ppm of green algal extract and by more than 71% by 10 ppm of CA-Mn-SPIONs (oviposition activity index values were 0.50 and 0.55, respectively). Moreover, in vitro anti-dengue activity of CA-Mn-SPIONs has good anti-viral property against dengue viral cell lines. In addition, GC–MS analysis showed that 21 intriguing chemicals were discovered. Two significant phytoconstituents in the methanol extract of C. aerea include butanoic acid and palmitic acid. These two substances were examined using an in silico methodology against the NS5 methyltransferase protein and demonstrated good glide scores and binding affinities. Finally, we looked into the morphological damage and fluorescent emission of third instar Ae. aegypti larvae treated with CA-Mn-SPIONs. Fluorescent emission is consistent with ROS formation of CA-Mn-SPIONs against Ae. aegypti larvae. The present study determines that the key variables for the successful development of new insecticidal agents are rooted in the eco-compatibility and the provision of alternative tool for the pesticide manufacturing sector.

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Data availability

Supporting data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

For the verification of algae, we are grateful to the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mandabam Camp, Ramanadhapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. The mosquito larvae were provided by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu. We are grateful to Bharathiar University’s Common Instrumentation Centre in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, for providing the essential infrastructural facilities for this research.

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  1. Division of Medical Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India

    Rajapandian Rajaganesh & Kadarkarai Murugan

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RR — conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; software; supervision; validation; visualization; original draft.

KM — investigation; supervision; validation; visualization; original draft.

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Correspondence to Rajapandian Rajaganesh.

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Rajaganesh, R., Murugan, K. Anti-dengue potential and mosquitocidal effect of marine green algae–stabilized Mn-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Mn-SPIONs): an eco-friendly approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 19575–19594 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32413-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32413-y

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