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Enhancing systematic tolerance in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) through amplified alkB gene expression and bacterial-driven hydrocarbon degradation

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Abstract

This study aimed to access the impact of soil polluted with petroleum (5, 10 g petroleum kg−1 soil) on Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) with and without applied bacterial inoculants (Arthrobacter oxydans ITRH49 and Pseudomonas sp. MixRI75). Both soil and seed were given bacterial inoculation. The evaluated morphological parameters of Bermuda grass were fresh and dry weight. The results demonstrated that applied bacterial inoculants enhanced 5.4%, 20%, 28% and 6.4%, 21%, and 29% shoot and root fresh/dry weights in Bermuda grass under controlled environment. The biochemical analysis of shoot and root was affected deleteriously by the 10 g petroleum kg−1 soil pollution. Microbial inoculants enhanced the activities of enzymatic (catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (ɑ-tocopherols, proline, reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid) antioxidant to mitigate the toxic effects of ROS (H2O2) under hydrocarbon stressed condition. The maximum hydrocarbon degradation (75%) was recorded by Bermuda grass at 5 g petroleum kg−1 soil contamination. Moreover, bacterial persistence and alkane hydroxylase gene (alkB) abundance and expression were observed more in the root interior than in the rhizosphere and shoot interior of Bermuda grass. Subsequently, the microbe used a biological tool to propose that the application of plant growth-promoting bacteria would be the most favorable choice in petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil to conquer the abiotic stress in plants and the effective removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in polluted soil.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the deanship of scientific research at King Khalid University for supporting this work under the grant number (R.G.P2/326/44).

Funding

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project No. (PNURSP2024R101), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan

    Sehrish Iqbal & Shazia Jabeen

  2. Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Ume Ummara

  3. Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Sibgha Noreen & Muhammad Salim Akhter

  4. Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Farrukh Jaleel

  5. Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Nargis Naz

  6. Department of Environmental Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Abdul Wahid

  7. Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Modhi O. Alotaibi

  8. Nurseries Department, Habitat Regeneration and Landsca**, Wildlife and Natural Heritage, Royal Commission for AlUla, Saudi Arabia

    Mudawi M. Nour

  9. Prince Sultan Bin-Abdul-Aziz Center for Environment and Tourism Studies and Researches, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Rahmah N. Al-Qthanin

  10. State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China

    Muhammad Aqeel

  11. Biology Department, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Rahmah N. Al-Qthanin

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  1. Sehrish Iqbal
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Abdul Wahid, Sibgha Noreen, Ume Ummara; data curation: Sehrish Iqbal, Shazia Jabeen; formal analysis: Muhammad Salim Akhter, Nargis Naz; investigation: Farrukh Jaleel; methodology: Muhammad Aqeel, Sehrish Iqbal, Shazia Jabeen; project administration: Abdul Wahid, Ume Ummara, Muhammad Aqeel; software: Muhammad Aqeel, Muhammad Salim Akhter, Modhi O. Alotaibi; supervision: Abdul Wahid, Sibgha Noreen; visualization: Muhammad Salim Akhter, Sehrish Iqbal; writing—original draft: Muhammad Salim Akhter, Sehrish Iqbal; writing—review and editing: Mudawi M. Nour, Rahmah N. Al-Qthanin, Muhammad Salim Akhter, Muhammad Aqeel; funding acquisition: Modhi O. Alotaibi, Rahmah N. Al-Qthanin. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Aqeel.

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Iqbal, S., Ummara, U., Noreen, S. et al. Enhancing systematic tolerance in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) through amplified alkB gene expression and bacterial-driven hydrocarbon degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 19871–19885 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32326-w

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