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Chemical composition and toxicity of commercial Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on Culex quinquefasciatus and non-target insects

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Abstract

Current vector control strategies based on synthetic chemicals are not eco-friendly against non-target organisms; hence, alternative approaches are highly required. Commercially purchased oil of Mentha spicata (Spearmint) and Eucalyptus citriodora (Citriodora) were examined against the medical pest Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say) and their non-toxicity on the aquatic species was evaluated. Chemical screening with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed a total of 14 and 11 compounds in Citriodora and Spearmint oils, respectively, with the highest peak (%) at carvone (70.44%) and isopulegol (30.4%). The larvicidal activity on the fourth instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed dose-dependent mortality and significance at a 100 ppm concentration 48 h post-treatment with Citriodora (76.4%, P ≤ 0.001) and Spearmint (100%, P ≤ 0.001). Additionally, the photomicrograph of the fourth instar larvae revealed significant physical abnormalities in the head and midgut tissues post-exposure to Spearmint and Citriodora oils. Moreover, the histological assay revealed severe damage in the epithelial cells and gut lumen 2 to 24 h post-treatment. The repellency percentage of adult Culex mosquitoes was prominent across both oils at 150 ppm 210 min post-exposure. Non-target toxicity on the aquatic predator showed both essential oils (Spearmint oil (17.2%) and Citriodora oil (15.2%)) are safer at the maximum treatment (200 ppm) compared to temephos (75.4% at 1 ppm). The in silico screening of phyto-compounds derived by both essential oils with BeeTox (online server) showed no contact toxicity to the honey bee Apis mellifera. Overall, the present research revealed that Spearmint and Citriodora essential oils and their active phyto-compounds were toxic to Cx. quinquefasciatus and harmless to the aquatic predator and honey bee.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Prof. Dr. K. G. Sivaramakrishnan for his encouragement and support for conducting this investigation. We would also like to thank Ms. Chandini, research scholar, Division of Bio-pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, for her support on data and statistical analyses in Minitab. The authors wish to acknowledge the support received from the “Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)” through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021RIS-002), and Department of Science and Technology (DST-FIST), India under the FIST program (SR/FIST/LS-1/2019/522).The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RSP2024R414) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

This research was supported by the “Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)” through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021RIS-002) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST-FIST), India, under the FIST program (SR/FIST/LS-1/2019/522). Also, this research was funded by King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Project number (RSP2024R414).

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Author notes

  1. Pavana Sivadasan Unni, Pandiyan Kirupaanntha-Rajan, and Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Bio-Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India

    Pavana Sivadasan Unni, Pandiyan Kirupaanntha-Rajan & Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan

  2. Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea

    Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan & Yeon Soo Han

  3. Ross Life Science Limited, Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, 4110192, India

    Sridhar Srinivasan

  4. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA

    Sengodan Karthi

  5. Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India

    Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan

  6. Research & Development Centre, Invirustech Co., Inc, Gwangju, 61222, Korea

    Ki Beom Park

  7. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajakrishnan Rajagopal

Authors
  1. Pavana Sivadasan Unni
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  2. Pandiyan Kirupaanntha-Rajan
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  3. Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
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  4. Sridhar Srinivasan
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  5. Yeon Soo Han
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  6. Sengodan Karthi
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  7. Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan
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  8. Ki Beom Park
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  9. Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
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  10. Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
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Contributions

Pavana Sivadasan Unni: conceptualization of the study, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-original draft, supervision. Pandiyan Kirupaanntha-Rajan: conceptualization of the study, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-original draft, supervision. Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan: conceptualization of the study, development of methodology, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-review, supervision, project administration, resources. Sridhar Srinivasan: conceptualization of the study, investigation, interpretation of results, writing-review, supervision. Yeon Soo Han: conceptualization of the study, development of methodology, investigation, interpretation of results, writing-review, project administration, funding acquisition. Sengodan Karthi: conceptualization of the study, development of methodology, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-review. Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan: conceptualization of the study, development of methodology, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-review, resources. Ki Beom Park: conceptualization of the study, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-review, resources. Rajakrishnan Rajagopal: conceptualization of the study, development of methodology, investigation, interpretation of results, validation, writing-review, resources. Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan: conceptualization of the study, development of methodology, investigation, interpretation of results, writing-review, project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan.

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Unni, P.S., Kirupaanntha-Rajan, P., Vasantha-Srinivasan, P. et al. Chemical composition and toxicity of commercial Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on Culex quinquefasciatus and non-target insects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 21610–21631 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32249-6

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