SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of seasonal water quality and land use land cover change in Subarnarekha watershed of Ranchi stretch in Jharkhand

  • Environmental Sustainability: Challenges and Solutions
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, the assessment of seasonal water quality and land use land cover change in the Subarnarekha watershed in Ranchi stretch was analysed. Agricultural runoff along with climate change adds to the pollution risk to the Subarnarekha River of Ranchi stretch in Jharkhand. Water quality indicators, like acidity alkalinity (ALK), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness (H), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorides (CL−), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity (SAL), resistivity (RES) and pH, were assessed as per the standard method. During monsoon season, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, salinity, pH and DO decreased, whereas EC, TDS, BOD and resistivity increased in comparison to pre-monsoon season. In post-monsoon, chloride problem was observed very high. Hardness was least in monsoon and maximum in post-monsoon season. EC and BOD increased in monsoon season in comparison to other seasons. Statistical analysis like HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) and PCA (principal component analysis) also confirmed the problem of TDS, EC, chloride and hardness in the area. WQI (water quality index) analysis showed that the water quality was poor to unsuitable on all the sampling points throughout the study area in all seasons. LULC (land use land cover) and NDWI (normalized difference water index) analysis had also concluded that due to high rate of urbanization, the area has undergone a massive change in terms of forest cover and water bodies. The need for afforestation, forest protection and wetland protection can be clearly seen from the result of this study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Thailand)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All the data and material will be available on responsible request.

References

  • Akhtar N, Ishak MIS, Ahmad MI, Umar K, Md Yusuff MS, Anees MT, Qadir A, Ali Almanasir YK (2021) Modification of the water quality index (WQI) process for simple calculation using the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method: a review. Water 13(7):905

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alamdari N, Claggett P, Sample DJ, Easton ZM, Yazdi MN (2022) Evaluating the joint effects of climate and land use change on runoff and pollutant loading in a rapidly develo** watershed. J Clean Prod 330:129953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali FRAKM, Fouad KMA, Abdul-Rahman BA (2019) Evaluation of impact of vegetation decrease on precipitation rates in Baghdad City using remote sensing technique. Eco Env & Cons 25:S44–S50

    Google Scholar 

  • Alshehri F, Abuamarah BA, Abd El-Hamid HT (2023) Impact of land use dynamics on land surface temperature using optical remote sensing data integrated with statistical analysis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Adv Space Res 72(5):1739–1750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.04.051

  • Amanullah et al (2020) Effects of climate change on irrigation water quality. In: Fahad S et al (eds) Environment, climate, plant and vegetation growth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arora S, Keshari AK (2021) Pattern recognition of water quality variance in Yamuna River (India) using hierarchical agglomerative cluster and principal component analyses. Environ Monit Assess 193:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azhari HE, Cherif EK, Sarti O, Azzirgue EM, Dakak H, Yachou H, Esteves da Silva JC, Salmoun F (2022) Assessment of surface water quality using the water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and geographic information system (GIS) in Oued Laou Mediterranean Watershed, Morocco. Water 15(1):130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltodano Martínez A, van Griensven A (2023) How remote sensing can identify land cover and climate change impacts on lake water quality: Lake Nicaragua and Lake Titicaca case studies. In: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, EGU23, the 25th EGU General Assembly. EGU, Vienna, Austria. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11416

  • Brown RM, Mccleiland NJ, Deiniger RA, O’Connor MF (1972) Water quality index-crossing the physical barrier. Res Jerusalem 6:787–797

  • de Andrade Costa D, Soares de Azevedo JP, Dos Santos MA, dos Santos Facchetti Vinhaes Assumpção R (2020) Water quality assessment based on multivariate statistics and water quality index of a strategic river in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Sci Rep 10(1):22038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deoli V, Kumar D, Kuriqi A (2022) Detection of water spread area changes in eutrophic lake using Landsat data. Sensors 22(18):6827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg V, Dhumal IR, Nikam BR, Thakur PK, Aggarwal SP, Srivastav SK, Senthil Kumar A (2016) Water resources assessment of Godavari River basin, India. In: Proceedings of ACRS 2016: 37th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing Organized at Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp 17–21

  • Gaur S, Mittal A, Bandyopadhyay A, Holman I, Singh R (2020) Spatio-temporal analysis of land use and land cover change: a systematic model inter-comparison driven by integrated modelling techniques. Int J Remote Sens 41(23):9229–9255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam SK, Maharana C, Sharma D, Singh AK, Tripathi JK, Singh SK (2015) Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the Subarnarekha River basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustain Water Qual Ecology 6:57–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebrechorkos SH, Bernhofer C, Hülsmann S (2020) Climate change impact assessment on the hydrology of a large river basin in Ethiopia using a local-scale climate modelling approach. Sci Total Environ 742:140504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giri S, Singh AK (2014) Assessment of surface water quality using heavy metal pollution index in Subarnarekha River, India. Water Quality, Exposure and Health 5(4):173–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorai AK, Hasni SA, Iqbal J (2016) Prediction of ground water quality index to assess suitability for drinking purposes using fuzzy rule-based approach. Appl Water Sci 6:393–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guha S, Govil H, Besoya M (2020) An investigation on seasonal variability between LST and NDWI in an urban environment using Landsat satellite data. Geomat Nat Haz Risk 11(1):1319–1345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoang NH, Ishigaki T, Kubota R, Tong TK, Nguyen TT, Nguyen HG, Yamada M, Kawamoto K (2020) Waste generation, composition, and handling in building-related construction and demolition in Hanoi, Vietnam. Waste Manag 117:32–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong C, **aode Z, Meng**g G, Wei W (2016) Land use change and its effects on water quality in typical inland lake of arid area in China. J Environ Biol 37(4):603

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton RK (1965) An index number system for rating water quality. J Water Pollut Control Fed 37:300–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Howladar MF, Al Numanbakth MA, Faruque MO (2018) An application of Water Quality Index (WQI) and multivariate statistics to evaluate the water quality around Maddhapara Granite Mining Industrial Area, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Environ Syst Res 6:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain CK, Singh S (2020) Impact of climate change on the hydrological dynamics of River Ganga, India. J Water Clim Chang 11(1):274–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jean Milien E, Nunes GM, Pierre G, Hamilton SK, Da Cunha CN (2023) Hydrological dynamics of the Pantanal, a large tropical floodplain in Brazil, revealed by analysis of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Water 15(12):2180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Navarro IC, Jimeno-Sáez P, López-Ballesteros A, Pérez-Sánchez J, Senent-Aparicio J (2021) Impact of climate change on the hydrology of the forested watershed that drains to Lake Erken in Sweden: an analysis using SWAT+ and CMIP6 scenarios. Forests 12(12):1803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madhusudana Rao C, Bardhan A, Patra JP (2020) Assessment of hydrological response in Subarnarekha River basin under anticipated climate change scenarios. Global Nest J 22:207–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Malede DA, Alamirew T, Andualem TG (2022) Integrated and individual impacts of land use land cover and climate changes on hydrological flows over Birr River Watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia. Water 15(1):166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal U, Sena DR, Dhar A, Panda SN, Adhikary PP, Mishra PK (2021) Assessment of climate change and its impact on hydrological regimes and biomass yield of a tropical river basin. Ecol Indic 126:107646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marselina M, Wibowo F, Mushfiroh A (2022) Water quality index assessment methods for surface water: a case study of the Citarum River in Indonesia. Heliyon 8(7):e09848

  • Muhammed HH, Nasidi NM, Wayayok A (2022) Impact of climate changes and landuse/land cover changes on water resources in Malaysia. In: Environmental Degradation in Asia (pp 465–483). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12112-8_21

  • Nguyen TG, Huynh THN (2022) Assessment of surface water quality and monitoring in southern Vietnam using multicriteria statistical approaches. Sustain Environ Res 32(1):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikam BR, Aggarwal SP, Thakur PK, Garg V, Roy S, Chouksey A, Dhote PR, Chauhan P (2020) Assessment of early season agricultural drought using remote sensing. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 43:1691–1695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordin NH, Rahman AHA, Wahab NA, Sembok TM b T, Shukran MA b M, Yunus MSFM, Isnan S, Shukur MRAABA (2022) Monitoring of mangroves changes in Pulau Kukup using geographical information system (GIS). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1064(1):012009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oad VK, Szymkiewicz A, Khan NA, Ashraf S, Nawaz R, Elnashar A, Saad S, Qureshi AH (2023) Time series analysis and impact assessment of the temperature changes on the vegetation and the water availability: a case study of Bakun-Murum Catchment Region in Malaysia. Remote Sens Applications: Society and Environment 29:100915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadhwani K, Eldho TI, Karmakar S (2023) Investigating the influence of future landuse and climate change on hydrological regime of a humid tropical river basin. Environ Earth Sci 82:210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10891-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santy S, Mujumdar P, Bala G (2020) Potential impacts of climate and land use change on the water quality of Ganga River around the industrialized Kanpur Region. Sci Rep 10:9107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66171-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh TA, Adjovu GE, Stephen H, Ahmad S (2023) Impacts of urbanization on watershed hydrology and runoff water quality of a watershed: a review. In: Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2023, vol 1. ASCE, Henderson, NV, USA, pp 1271–1283. Available online: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784484852.116

  • Shukla PR, Skea J, Calvo Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Zhai P, Slade R, Connors S, van Diemen R et al (2019) Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems; intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC): Geneva, Switzerland

  • Singh S, Kansal ML (2022) Chamoli flash-flood map** and evaluation with a supervised classifier and NDWI thresholding using Sentinel-2 optical data in Google earth engine. Earth Science Informatics 15(2):1073–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syeed MM, Hossain MS, Karim MR, Uddin MF, Hasan M, Khan RH (2023) Surface water quality profiling using the water quality index, pollution index and statistical methods: a critical review. Environ. Sustain Indicat 18:100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100247

  • Taşan M, Demir Y, Taşan S (2022) Groundwater quality assessment using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis in Alaçam, Turkey. Water Supply 22(3):3431–3447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsegaye L, Bharti R (2022) The impacts of LULC and climate change scenarios on the hydrology and sediment yield of Rib watershed, Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assess 194(10):717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin MG, Nash S, Olbert AI (2021) A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecol Indic 122:107218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin MG, Nash S, Rahman A, Olbert AI (2023) Performance analysis of the water quality index model for predicting water state using machine learning techniques. Process Saf Environ Prot 169:808–828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varol M, Karakaya G, Alpaslan K (2022) Water quality assessment of the Karasu River (Turkey) using various indices, multivariate statistics and APCS-MLR model. Chemosphere 308:136415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Shao Y, Jiang QO, **ao L, Yan H, Gao X, Wang L, Liu P (2020) Impacts of climate change and human activity on the runoff changes in the Guishui River Basin. Land 9(9):291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu H, Yang W, Yao R, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Q, Lin A (2020) Evaluating surface water quality using water quality index in Beiyun River, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:35449–35458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu R, Asif Ikbal M, Rahman A (2021) Improvement of substation monitoring aimed to improve its efficiency with the help of big data analysis. J Intell Syst 30(1):499–510

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my profound gratitude to my project guide, Dr. Neeta Kumari, for her guidance and support during my work. I convey my sincere gratitude to Dr. Bindhu Lal, Head, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, for providing me various facilities needed to complete my project work. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout the years of my study. My apologies and heartful gratitude to all those who have assisted me yet have not been acknowledged by name.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engg., Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India

    Kiran Prakash Kadave & Neeta Kumari

Authors
  1. Kiran Prakash Kadave
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neeta Kumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Kiran Prakash Kadave: concept, design, data analysis, material preparation, data validation and interpretation and drafting the manuscript; Dr. Neeta Kumari: supervising, drafting, correction, concept, processing, analysis and interpretation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neeta Kumari.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Ethical approval and informed consent are not applicable for this study.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

All the authors have consented to publish the work.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

ESM 1

(DOCX 450 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kadave, K.P., Kumari, N. Assessment of seasonal water quality and land use land cover change in Subarnarekha watershed of Ranchi stretch in Jharkhand. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30979-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30979-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation