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Investigating changes in atmospheric aerosols properties over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during different phases of COVID-19-induced lockdowns

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Abstract

Impact of COrona VIrus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) restrictive measures on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and black carbon (BC) concentration is investigated for the western, central, and eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using satellite-based observations. Due to COVID-19-induced lockdown measures, a noticeable decline in AOD and BC concentrations was observed across the IGP when compared to pre-lockdown period of 2020 and the lockdown concurrent period of 2015–2019. During the total lockdown period, a maximum drop in AOD and BC was observed in the central IGP (26.5 % and 10.1 %), followed by western IGP (24.9% and 5.2%) and eastern IGP (23.2 % and 4.9 %) with respect to the same period of 2015–2019. We have removed seasonal influences on aerosol properties during the COVID-19 lockdown, by taking average seasonal variations during the period of 2015–2019 as reference and projecting the hypothetical AOD and BC for the lockdown period under normal scenario. The difference between the hypothetical AOD and BC (under normal scenario) and the retrieved AOD and BC for the lockdown period is the absolute percentage change in AOD and BC concentration due to the lockdown alone. This elimination of seasonal influence is a novel approach. Central IGP showed an absolute decrease in AOD and BC of 38.5% and 18.2% during the lockdown period followed by western IGP (34.6% and 7.7%) and eastern IGP (25.9% and 11.5%). The observed absolute reduction in AOD, 26–39 %, is significantly higher than the global average reduction in AOD of 2–5%. CALIPSO-derived aerosol sub-types over major location of the western, central, and eastern IGP suggests prevalence of anthropogenic activities during pre- and post-lockdown periods. During the lockdown, IGP was influenced by aerosols from natural sources, with mineral dust and polluted dust in the western and central IGP, and aerosols from marine regions in the eastern IGP. Replenishment of aerosols within the boundary layer were far quicker when compared to total column during post-lockdown. Overall, the study reveals a reduction in anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19-induced lockdowns, leading to temporary improvements in air quality over the IGP. Our study presents a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 lockdown impact on aerosols properties over the IGP and highlights unprecedented reductions in AOD (~ 40 %) and BC (~ 20 %), due to imposition of lockdown and subsequent cessation of aerosol sources, by removing seasonal influences.

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All the data used in the manuscript can be made available, upon reasonable request, with the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Terra-Aqua/MODIS, MERRA-2 reanalysis, CALIPSO imageries, and NOAA-HYSPLIT model used in this publication.

Funding

This work was supported by the Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India (ARFI) project (SPL:GBP:ARFI:40) of the ISRO-GBP

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  1. Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, India

    Prayagraj Singh & Shantanu Rastogi

  2. School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, 380 009, India

    Aditya Vaishya

  3. Global Centre for Environment and Energy, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, 380 009, India

    Aditya Vaishya

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SR and AV conceptualized the research. Data collection and preliminary analysis were performed by PS with inputs from AV. PS wrote the first draft of the manuscript with significant inputs from AV. All the authors discussed the results and commented on the draft manuscript. AV and SR reviewed and edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Aditya Vaishya.

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Singh, ., Vaishya, A. & Rastogi, S. Investigating changes in atmospheric aerosols properties over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during different phases of COVID-19-induced lockdowns. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 100215–100232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29449-x

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