Abstract
Indoor dust is the main source of human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In this study, in vitro colon-extended physiologically-based extraction test (CE-PBET) with Tenax as a sorptive sink was applied to evaluate the oral bioaccessibility of twenty-two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and seven novel BFRs (NBFRs) via indoor dust ingestion. The mean bioaccessibilities of two NBFRs pentabromotoluene (PBT) and 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) were first proposed, reaching 36.0% and 26.7%, respectively. In order to maintain homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract, 0.4 g Tenax was added in CE-PEBT, which increased BFRs bioaccessibility by up to a factor of 1.4–1.9. The highest bioaccessibility of legacy PBDEs was tri-BDEs (73.3%), while 2-ethylhexyl-tetrabromo-benzoate (EHTBB), one of penta-BDE alternatives, showed the highest (62.2%) among NBFRs. The influence of food nutrients, liquid to solid (L/S) ratio, and octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow) on bioaccessibility was assessed. The oral bioaccessibility of BFRs increased with existence of protein or carbohydrate while lipid did the opposite. The bioaccessibilities of PBDEs and NBFRs were relatively higher with 200:1 L/S ratio. PBDEs bioaccessibility generally decreased with increasing LogKow. No significant correlation was observed between NBFRs bioaccessibility and LogKow. This study comprehensively evaluated the bioaccessibilities of legacy and emerging BFRs via dust ingestion using Tenax-assisted CE-PBET, and highlighted the significance to fully consider potential influencing factors on BFRs bioaccessibility in further human exposure estimation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this research article and its supplementary information files.
References
Abdallah MA, Tilston E, Harrad S, Collins C (2012) In vitro assessment of the bioaccessibility of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust using a colon extended model of the human gastrointestinal tract. J Environ Monit 14(12):3276–3283. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30690e
Al-Omran LS, Harrad S (2017) Influence of sampling approach on concentrations of legacy and “novel” brominated flame retardants in indoor dust. Chemosphere 178:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.096
Budinsky RA, Rowlands JC, Casteel S, Fent G, Cushing CA, Newsted J, Giesy JP, Ruby MV, Aylward LL (2008) A pilot study of oral bioavailability of dioxins and furans from contaminated soils: impact of differential hepatic enzyme activity and species differences. Chemosphere 70(10):1774–1786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.035
Cao Y, Gao Y, Hu X, Zeng Y, Luo X, Li G, An T, Mai B (2022) Insight into phototransformation mechanism and toxicity evolution of novel and legacy brominated flame retardants in water: a comparative analysis. Water Res 211:118041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118041
Cao P, **a WH (2004) Effect of indoor air pollution on human hazard and prevention & control. Prog Saf Sci Technol 4:2885–2889
Charman WN, Porter CJH, Mithani S, Dressman JB (1997) Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH. J Pharm Sci 86(3):269–282. https://doi.org/10.1021/js960085v
Chen X, Li H, Kong X, Cheng X, Li C, He H, Selvaraj KK, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L (2022) Evaluating the adsorption performance of Tenax TA(R) in different containers: an isolation tool to study the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs in spiked soil. Sci Total Environ 806(Pt 1):150429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150429
Cong B, Li S, Liu S, Mi W, Liu S, Zhang Z, **e Z (2022) Source and distribution of emerging and legacy persistent organic pollutants in the basins of the eastern Indian Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 56(7):4199–4209. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08743
Cui XY, **ang P, He RW, Juhasz A, Ma LQ (2016) Advances in in vitro methods to evaluate oral bioaccessibility of PAHs and PBDEs in environmental matrices. Chemosphere 150:378–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.041
Curran IHA, Liston V, Nunnikhoven A, Caldwell D, Scuby MJS, Pantazopoulos P, Rawn DFK, Coady L, Armstrong C, Lefebvre DE, Bondy GS (2017) Toxicologic effects of 28-day dietary exposure to the flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (TBECH) in F344 rats. Toxicology 377:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2016.12.001
Dong Z, Hu Z, Zhu H, Li N, Zhao H, Mi W, Jiang W, Hu X, Ye L (2015) Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate induces depression-like behaviors and neurotoxicity by oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. J Toxicol Sci 40(6):701–709. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.40.701
Dong L, Wang S, Qu J, You H, Liu D (2021) New understanding of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs): neuro(endocrine) toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111570
Du XY, Zhou YH, Li J, Wu Y, Zheng ZY, Yin G, Qiu YL, Zhao JF, Yuan GL (2021) Evaluating oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of indoor dust-borne short- and median-chain chlorinated paraffins using in vitro Tenax-assisted physiologically based method. J Hazard Mater 402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123449.
Ertl H, Butte W (2012) Bioaccessibility of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from house dust: in-vitro methods and human exposure assessment. J Eposure Sci Environ Epidemiol 22(6):574–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.50
Fan YH, Li XS, Mou XX, Qin SB, Qi SH (2019) Polydopamine-coated polyethylene sieve plate as an efficient and convenient adsorption sink for the bioaccessibility prediction of PAHs in soils. Environ Pollut 255(Pt 1):113168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113168
Fang ML, Stapleton HM (2014) Evaluating the bioaccessibility of flame retardants in house dust using an in vitro tenax bead-assisted sorptive physiologically based method. Environ Sci Technol 48(22):13323–13330. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503918m
Gao P, Liu D, Guo L, He C, Lin N, **ng Y, Yao C, Wu B, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Hang J (2019) Ingestion bioaccessibility of indoor dust-bound PAHs: inclusion of a sorption sink to simulate passive transfer across the small intestine. Sci Total Environ 659:1546–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.459
Gouliarmou V, Collins CD, Christiansen E, Mayer P (2013) Sorptive physiologically based extraction of contaminated solid matrices: incorporating silicone rod as absorption sink for hydrophobic organic contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 47(2):941–948. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303165u
Hack A, Selenka F (1996) Mobilization of PAH and PCB from contaminated soil using a digestive tract model. Toxicol Lett 88(1–3):199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(96)03738-1
Hamel SC, Buckley B, Lioy PJ (1998) Bioaccessibility of metals in soils for different liquid to solid ratios in synthetic gastric fluid. Environ Sci Technol 32(3):358–362. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9701422
Hansen M, Sandström B, Lönnerdal B (1996) The effect of casein phosphopeptides on zinc and calcium absorption from high phytate infant diets assessed in rat pups and Caco-2 cells. Pediatr Res 40(4):547–552. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199610000-00006
Hao Y, **ong S, Wang P, Yang R, Pei Z, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G (2022) Novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in the atmosphere of Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica: continuous observations from 2011 to 2020. J Hazard Mater 440:129776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129776
Harrad S, Goosey E, Desborough J, Abdallah MA-E, Roosens L, Covaci A (2010) Dust from U.K. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young U.K. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ Sci Technol 44(11):4198–4202. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100750s
He RW, Li YZ, **ang P, Li C, Cui XY, Ma LQ (2018) Impact of particle size on distribution and human exposure of flame retardants in indoor dust. Environ Res 162:166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.014
Hilber I, Arrigo Y, Zuber M, Bucheli TD (2019) Desorption resistance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochars incubated in cow ruminal liquid in vitro and in vivo. Environ Sci Technol 53(23):13695–13703. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04340
Hoh E, Zhu, Hites RA (2005) Novel flame retardants, 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-Pentabromoethylbenzene, in United States Environmental Samples. Environ Sci Technol 39(8):2472–2477. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048508f
Hou R, Lin L, Li H, Liu S, Xu X, Xu Y, ** X, Yuan Y, Wang Z (2021) Occurrence, bioaccumulation, fate, and risk assessment of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in aquatic environments - a critical review. Water Res 198:117168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117168
Ikegami K, Tagawa K, Osawa T (2006) Bioavailability and in vivo release behavior of controlled-release multiple-unit theophylline dosage forms in beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, and Gottingen minipigs. J Pharm Sci 95(9):1888–1895. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20537
James K, Peters RE, Laird BD, Ma WK, Wickstrom M, Stephenson GL, Siciliano SD (2011) Human exposure assessment: a case study of 8 PAH contaminated soils using in vitro digestors and the juvenile swine model. Environ Sci Technol 45(10):4586–4593. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1039979
Johnson PI, Stapleton HM, Mukherjee B, Hauser R, Meeker JD (2013) Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men. The Science of the Total Environment 445–446:177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017
Juhasz AL, Weber J, Stevenson G, Slee D, Gancarz D, Rofe A, Smith E (2014) In vivo measurement, in vitro estimation and fugacity prediction of PAH bioavailability in post-remediated creosote-contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 473–474:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.031
Kademoglou K, Williams AC, Collins CD (2018) Bioaccessibility of PBDEs present in indoor dust: a novel dialysis membrane method with a Tenax TA(R) absorption sink. Sci Total Environ 621:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.097
Kang Y, Zeng D, Man YB, Liu J, Yang Y, Li S, Situ K, **ong W, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Pan W, Jiang F, Wong MH (2018) Comparison of sorption kinetics of PAHs by sorptive sinks and caco-2 cell and the correlation between bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PAHs in indoor dust. Sci Total Environ 645:170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.102
Kierkegaard A, De Wit CA, Asplund L, Mclachlan MS, Thomas GO, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC (2009) A mass balance of tri-hexabrominated diphenyl ethers in lactating cows. Environ Sci Technol 43(7):2602–2607. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803440a
Kong Y, Li X, Chen Y, Cui X (2021) Coupling polydimethylsiloxane vials with a physiologically based extraction test to predict bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils. Sci Total Environ 800:149557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149557
Lau EV, Gan S, Ng HK, Poh PE (2014) Extraction agents for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil in soil washing technologies. Environ Pollut 184:640–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.010
Lee HK, Kang H, Lee S, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB (2020a) Human exposure to legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor dust: a multiple-exposure assessment of PBDEs. Sci Total Environ 719:137386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137386
Lee HK, Lee S, Lim JE, Moon HB (2020b) Legacy and novel flame retardants in water and sediment from highly industrialized bays of Korea: occurrence, source tracking, decadal time trend, and ecological risks. Mar Pollut Bull 160:111639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111639
Li J, Liang Y, Zhang X, Lu J, Zhang J, Ruan T, Zhou Q, Jiang G (2011) Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate. Environ Sci Technol 45(22):9750–9757. https://doi.org/10.1021/es202420g
Li HB, Li J, Juhasz AL, Ma LQ (2014) Correlation of in vivo relative bioavailability to in vitro bioaccessibility for arsenic in household dust from China and its implication for human exposure assessment. Environ Sci Technol 48(23):13652–13659. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5037354
Li C, Cui XY, Fan YY, Teng Y, Nan ZR, Ma LQ (2015a) Tenax as sorption sink for in vitro bioaccessibility measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. Environ Pollut 196:47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.016
Li J, Li K, Cui XY, Basta NT, Li LP, Li HB, Ma LQ (2015b) In vitro bioaccessibility and in vivo relative bioavailability in 12 contaminated soils: method comparison and method development. Sci Total Environ 532:812–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.113
Li K, Li C, Yu NY, Juhasz AL, Cui XY, Ma LQ (2015c) In vivo bioavailability and in vitro bioaccessibility of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food matrices: correlation analysis and method development. Environ Sci Technol 49(1):150–158. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505075z
Li C, Sun HJ, Juhasz AL, Cui XY, Ma LQ (2016) Predicting the relative bioavailability of DDT and its metabolites in historically contaminated soils using a Tenax-improved physiologically based extraction test (TI-PBET). Environ Sci Technol 50(3):1118–1125. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03891
Li C, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang S, Gao P, Cui X, Ma LQ (2017) Relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility of PCBs in soils based on a mouse model and Tenax-improved physiologically-based extraction test. Chemosphere 186:709–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.028
Li HB, Li MY, Zhao D, Li J, Li SW, Juhasz AL, Basta NT, Luo YM, Ma LQ (2019) Oral bioavailability of As, Pb, and Cd in contaminated soils, dust, and foods based on animal bioassays: a review. Environ Sci Technol 53(18):10545–10559. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03567
Li X, Wang M, Yang Y, Lei B, Ma S, Yu Y (2021) Influence of nutrients on the bioaccessibility and transepithelial transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers measured using an in vitro method and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111569
Lorber M (2008) Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Eposure Sci Environ Epidemiol 18(1):2–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500572
Ma YN, Venier M, Hites RA (2012) 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 46(1):204–208. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203251f
Marques G, Pitarma R (2019) Smartwatch-based application for enhanced healthy lifestyle in indoor environments. Paper presented at the Computational Intelligence in Information Systems Conference 888:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03302-6_15
Marques G, Ferreira CR, Pitarma R (2019) Indoor air quality assessment using a CO2 monitoring system based on Internet of things. J Med Syst 43(3):67–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1184-x
Mayer P, Tolls J, Hermens JLM, Mackay D (2003) Peer reviewed: equilibrium sampling devices. Environ Sci Technol 37(9):184A-191A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es032433i
Mayer P, Olsen JL, Gouliarmou V, Hasinger M, Kendler R, Loibner AP (2011) A contaminant trap as a tool for isolating and measuring the desorption resistant fraction of soil pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 45(7):2932–2937. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1033124
Mayer P, Hilber I, Gouliarmou V, Hale SE, Cornelissen G, Bucheli TD (2016) How to determine the environmental exposure of PAHs originating from biochar. Environ Sci Technol 50(4):1941–1948. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05603
Newton S, Sellström U, de Wit CA (2015) Emerging flame retardants, PBDEs, and HBCDDs in indoor and outdoor media in Stockholm, Sweden. Environ Sci Technol 49(5):2912–2920. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505946e
Niu D, Qiu YL, Li L, Zhou YH, Du XY, Zhu ZL, Chen L, Lin ZF (2018) Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1968-4
Niu D, Qiu YL, Du XY, Li L, Zhou YH, Yin DQ, Lin ZF, Chen L, Zhu ZL, Zhao JF, Bergman A (2019) Novel brominated flame retardants in house dust from Shanghai, China: levels, temporal variation, and human exposure. Environ Sciences Europe Eur 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0189-x.
Oomen AG, Hack A, Minekus M, Zeijdner E, Cornelis C, Schoeters G, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T, Wragg J, Rompelberg CJM, Sips A, Van Wijnen JH (2002) Comparison of five in vitro digestion models to study the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 36(15):3326–3334. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010204v
Pan W, Kang Y, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Wong MH (2016) Comparison of in vitro digestion model with in vivo relative bioavailability of BDE-209 in indoor dust and combination of in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to estimate the daily intake of BDE-209 via indoor dust. Environ Pollut 218:497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.029
Rostami I, Juhasz AL (2011) Assessment of persistent organic pollutant (POP) bioavailability and bioaccessibility for human health exposure assessment: a critical review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 41(7):623–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380903044178
Ruby MV, Davis A, Schoof R, Eberle S, Sellstone CM (1996) Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test. Environ Sci Technol 30(2):422–430. https://doi.org/10.1021/es950057z
Ruby MV, Fehling KA, Paustenbach DJ, Landenberger BD, Holsapple MP (2002) Oral bioaccessibility of dioxins/furans at low concentrations (50–350 ppt toxicity equivalent) in soil. Environ Sci Technol 36(22):4905–4911. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020636l
Santin G, Eljarrat E, Barcelo D (2016) Bioavailability of classical and novel flame retardants: effect of fullerene presence. Sci Total Environ 565:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.155
Shi YH, **ao JJ, Feng RP, Liu YY, Liao M, Wu XW, Hua RM, Cao HQ (2017) Factors affecting the bioaccessibility and intestinal transport of difenoconazole, hexaconazole, and spirodiclofen in human Caco-2 cells following in vitro digestion. J Agric Food Chem 65(41):9139–9146. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02781
Smith E, Weber J, Rofe A, Gancarz D, Naidu R, Juhasz AL (2012) Assessment of DDT relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility in historically contaminated soils using an in vivo mouse model and fed and unfed batch in vitro assays. Environ Sci Technol 46(5):2928–2934. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203030q
Stapleton HM, Allen JG, Kelly SM, Konstantinov A, Klosterhaus S, Watkins D, McClean MD, Webster TF (2008) Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol 42(18):6910–6916. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801070p
Syed JH, Iqbal M, Breivik K, Chaudhry MJI, Shahnawaz M, Abbas Z, Nasir J, Rizvi SHH, Taqi MM, Li J, Zhang G (2020) Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the urban atmosphere of Pakistan: diurnal variations, gas-particle partitioning and human health exposure. Sci Total Environ 743:140874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140874
Tilston EL, Gibson GR, Collins CD (2011) Colon extended physiologically based extraction test (CE-PBET) increases bioaccessibility of soil-bound PAH. Environ Sci Technol 45(12):5301–5308. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2004705
Van den Eede N, Dirtu AC, Ali N, Neels H, Covaci A (2012) Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust. Talanta 89:292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031
Wang Y, Jiang G, Lam PK, Li A (2007) Polybrominated diphenyl ether in the East Asian environment: a critical review. Environ Int 33(7):963–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.03.016
Wang J, Lin KD, Taylor A, Gan J (2018) In vitro assessment of pyrethroid bioaccessibility via particle ingestion. Environ Int 119:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.043
Yu Y, Han S, Zhang D, Van de Wiele T, Lu M, Wang D, Yu Z, Wu M, Sheng G, Fu J (2009) Factors affecting the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenylethers in an in vitro digestion model. J Agric Food Chem 57(1):133–139. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802659u
Yu YX, Pang YP, Li C, Li JL, Zhang XY, Yu ZQ, Feng JL, Wu MH, Sheng GY, Fu JM (2012) Concentrations and seasonal variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in in- and out-house dust and human daily intake via dust ingestion corrected with bioaccessibility of PBDEs. Environ Int 42:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.012
Yu Y, Lou S, Wang X, Lu S, Ma S, Li G, Feng Y, Zhang X, An T (2019) Relationships between the bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils measured with female C57BL/6 mice and the bioaccessibility determined using five in vitro methods. Environ Int 123:337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.022
Zhang YY, Pignatello JJ, Tao S, **ng BS (2015) Bioacessibility of PAHs in fuel soot assessed by an in vitro digestive model: effect of including an absorptive sink. Environ Sci Technol 49(6):3905–3912. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505898v
Zhang Q, Gu S, Yu C, Cao R, Xu Y, Fu L, Wang C (2022) Integrated assessment of endocrine disrupting potential of four novel brominated flame retardants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 232:113206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113206
Zheng Q, Nizzetto L, Li J, Mulder MD, Sanka O, Lammel G, Bing H, Liu X, Jiang Y, Luo C, Zhang G (2015) Spatial distribution of old and emerging flame retardants in Chinese forest soils: sources, trends and processes. Environ Sci Technol 49(5):2904–2911. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505876k
Zuiderveen EAR, Slootweg JC, de Boer J (2020) Novel brominated flame retardants - a review of their occurrence in indoor air, dust, consumer goods and food. Chemosphere 255:126816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126816
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the volunteers in Shanghai for sampling, and all the assistants in Jiaxing Tongji Research Institute of Environment during the chemical and instrumental analysis.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21777124 and No. 92043302).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization, methodology, software, writing—original draft: Dong Niu. Investigation, writing—review and editing: Yao **ao. Validation: Shiyan Chen. Investigation: **nyu Du. Supervision and funding acquisition: Yanling Qiu. Data curation: Zhiliang Zhu. Project administration and funding acquisition: Daqiang Yin. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Constantini Samara
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• The CE-PBETin vitro method to evaluate BFRs bioaccessibility was optimized.
• Tenax as a sorptive sink increased BFRs bioaccessibility by 1.4–1.9 times.
• The bioaccessibilities of two NBFRs PBT and BTBPE were first reported.
• Protein or carbohydrate increased the oral bioaccessibility of BFRs.
• PBDEs bioaccessibility significantly decreased with increasing LogKow (p < 0.05).
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Niu, D., **ao, Y., Chen, S. et al. Evaluation of the oral bioaccessibility of legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants in indoor dust. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 99735–99747 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29304-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29304-z