Abstract
Due to inadequate treatment and incorrect management, wastewater with dyes has a great toxic potential as an environmental liability, representing a major concern. In this context, this work aims to investigate the potential application of nanostructured powdery systems (nanocapsules and liposomes) in the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye, under UV and visible irradiation. Curcumin nanocapsules and liposomes containing ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate were prepared, characterized, and dried using the spray drying technique. The drying processes of the nanocapsule and the liposome showed yields of 88% and 62%, respectively, and, after aqueous resuspension of the dry powders, it was possible to recover the nanocapsule size (140 nm) and liposome size (160 nm). The dry powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 physisorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS-UV). Under UV irradiation, 64.8% and 58.48% of RhB were removed with nanocapsules and liposomes, respectively. While under visible radiation, nanocapsules and liposomes were able to degrade 59.54% and 48.79% of RhB, respectively. Under the same conditions, commercial TiO2 showed degradation of 50.02% (UV) and 42.14% (visible). After 5 cycles of reuse, there was a decrease of about 5% for dry powders under UV irradiation and 7.5% under visible irradiation. Therefore, the nanostructured systems developed have potential application in heterogeneous photocatalysis for the degradation of organic pollutants, such as RhB, as they demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance to commercial catalysts (nanoencapsulated curcumin > ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate liposomal > TiO2).
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, A.F.O., upon reasonable request.
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Funding
This study received financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS—Project 17/2551–0000830-8 and Project 19/2551–0001606-9) and Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) is also acknowledged for the fellowship to A.F.O.
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S.S. Gündel: conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; validation; writing—original draft. F.R. Favarin and É.F. Machado: data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology. D.M. Druzian, C. dos Santos and L.F.W. Brum: investigation; methodology. A.S. da Silva, W.L. da Silva and A.F. Ourique: conceptualization; funding acquisition; project administration; supervision; writing—review and editing.
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Gündel, S.d., Favarin, F.R., Machado, É.F. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye by nanostructured powder systems containing nanoencapsulated curcumin or ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate liposomal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 72652–72663 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27555-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27555-4