Abstract
Clean water supply has become an enormous challenge in pursuance of the global warming process. Water technologies have traditionally created carbon emissions and chemical reactions that pollute the landscape, aquifers, and the air. The need for carbon footprint reduction and corporate ESG consideration has led to adopt a more environmentally friendly water treatment and management system. The Natural Biological System (NBS) is a nature-based technology for sewage and waste stream treatment and management, rehabilitating affected water bodies, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and rebalancing eco-systems. The NBS is a patent-tailored solution with the ability of large-scale water treatment and a negative carbon footprint promoting the user ESG rating. From Chile to India, the NBS is changing the global water-energy equation, reducing dependence on energy and maintenance, freeing up valuable water resources for on-site usage, and restoring nature’s ability to preserve and protect itself and to stop the escalating climate change effects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data will be available upon request.
Notes
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/
MWH = Mega watt-hour.
MLD = Million Liters a Day.
PM10 = Inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 µm and smaller.
References
Alfa D, Rathilal S, Pillay VL, Pikwa K, Chollom MN (2016) Development and evaluation of a small-scale water disinfection system. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 6:389–400
Armstrong W, Armstrong J (2014) Plant internal oxygen transport (Diffusion and convection) and measuring and modelling oxygen gradients. Plant Cell Monogr 21:267–297
Bekiros S, Boubaker S, Nguyen DK, Uddin GS (2017) Black swan events and safe havens: the role of gold in globally integrated emerging markets. J Int Money Financ 73:317–334
Brix H, Sorrel BK, Orr PT (1992) Internal pressurization and convective gas flow in some emergent freshwater macrophytes. Limnol Oceanogr 37:1420–1433
Cai Y, Cai J, Xu L, Tan Q, Xu Q (2019) Integrated risk analysis of water-energy nexus systems based on systems dynamics, orthogonal design and copula analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 99:125–137
Cohen G (2021) What Can We Learn from the financial market about sustainability. Environ Syst Decis 41:4
Dullo BW, Grootjans AP, Senbeta AF, Fritz C (2017) Radial oxygen loss by the cushion plant Eriocaulon schimperi prevents methane emissions from an East-African Mountain mire. Plant Biol 19(5):736–741
Fritz C, Pancotto VA, Elzenga JTM, Visser E, Grootjans AP, Pol A, Lturraspe R, Roelofs JGM, Smolders AJP (2011) Zero methane emission bogs: extreme rhizosphere oxygenation by cushion plants in Patagonia. New Phytol 190:398–408
Hammer DA, Knight RL (1994) Designing constructed wetlands for nitrogen removal. Water Sci Technol 29:15–27
Kadlec RH, Wallace SD (2009) Treatment wetlands. CRC Press
Leigh NG, Lee H (2019) Sustainable and resilient urban water systems: the role of decentralization and planning. Sustainability 11:918
Oertlé E, Hugi C, Wintgens T, Karavitis C (2019) Poseidon decision support tool for water reuse. Water 11:153
Reddy KR, Delaune RD (2008) Biogeochemistry of wetlands: science and applications. Taylor and Francis Group
Saunders DL, Kalff J (2001) Nitrogen retention in wetlands, lakes and rivers. Hydrobiologia 443:205–212
Sun Y, Zhou S, Chiang PC, Shah KJ (2019) Evaluation and optimization of enhanced coagulation process: water and energy nexus. Water-Energy Nexus 2(1):25–36
Tang S, Wong CL, Ellis KV (1997) An optimization model for the selection of wastewater and sludge treatment alternatives. Water Environ J 11:14–20
Tseng LY, Robinson AK, Zhang X, Xu X, Southon J, Hamilton AJ, Sobhani R, Stenstrom MK, Rosso D (2016) Identification of preferential paths of fossil carbon within water resource recovery facilities via radiocarbon analysis. Environ Sci Technol 50(22):12166–12178
Whiting GJ, Chanton JB (1993) Primary production control of methane emission from wetlands. Nature 364:794–795
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Gil Cohen and Eli Cohen state that their contribution to this article is equal.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The authors declare that there is not ethical approval needed associate to this paper.
Consent to participate
Approved by the authors.
Consent for publication
The authors approve publication of this paper.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• The need for carbon-free water treatment is achieved by the parent of the Natural Biological System (NBS).
• The NBS is cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to other water treatment systems.
• The NBS is social friendly that use local resources increasing the natural surroundings of urban areas and increasing housing value.
• The NBS is an ESG solution to the growing needs of pure water for drinking and agriculture. .
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Cohen, G., Cohen, E. Breaking water carbon nexus by the natural biological system: ultimate solution for ESG challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 64736–64746 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26916-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26916-3