Abstract
Waste marble powder (WMP) is a rich source of calcium and magnesium salts having an affinity for fluoride ions and therefore serves as a good defluoridation agent. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized from WMP generated by the marble processing industry to make an adsorbent for drinking water defluoridation. The synthesized marble hydroxyapatite (MA-Hap LR) powder was further formed into 2–3 mm pellets by extrusion spheronization technique using a polyvinyl alcohol binder. Continuous column defluoridation studies were conducted to obtain optimized column parameters such as input fluoride concentration, column inflow rates, optimum pellet size, and adsorbent bed parameters to obtain maximum fluoride adsorption capacity. The best breakthrough column performance was a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.21 mg/g, treating 10 mg/L fluoride concentration. The optimized column flow rate was at 1 LPH using an adsorbent bed height of 25 cm, which processed 28.5-bed volumes at an adsorbent exhaustion rate of 7.4 g/L. The column breakthrough performance data were fit into various kinetic models (Thomas model and Yoon–Nelson model) to describe adsorption kinetics and obtain correlation coefficients. Thomas’s model fitted well with a high correlation coefficient value. Modelling studies indicate MA-Hap as a promising adsorbent for drinking water treatment, and optimum column design parameters were identified for scale-up for real applications.
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Dhiraj Mehta: conceptualization, data curation, writing, and draft preparation.
Virendra Kumar Saharan: conceptualization, methodology, and data interpretation
Suja George: supervision, conceptualization, methodology, review, and final draft
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Appendix
Appendix
Adsorber column calculations.
Height of packed column = 25 cm = 0.25 m.
Column diameter (d) = 4 cm = 0.04 m.
Q = inlet flow rate = 1 LPH = 16.66 mL/min = 1.66 × 10−5 m3/min.
Density of Ma-Hap = 1660 kg/m.3
Column cross-sectional area (\(A)=\frac{\pi }{4}{d}^{2}\) = 1.2 × 10−3 m.2
Filtration rate (FR) = Q/A = 1.38 × 10−2 m/min.
For a unit of 10,000 L/day (6.94 × 10−3 m3/min) the required height and diameter of the column would be.
Area of the new column = Q/FR = 6.94 × 10−3/1.38 × 10−2 = 5.02 × 10−1 m.2
New diameter (Dp) of column = 0.799 m.
Bed volume (AxH) = 0.25 × 1.2 × 10−3 = 0.3 m3 = 300 mL.
Bed contact time = V/Q = 300/16.66 = 18.00 min.
New bed height (hp) = 18.00 × 0.0138 = 0.24 m.
Volume of column (Vp) \(=\frac{\pi }{4}{{D}_{p}}^{2}{h}_{p}\)=0.120 m.3
Mass of adsorbent required to treat 10,000 L = volume × density = 0.120 × 1660 = 199.2 kg.
Adsorbent exhaustion rate at column breakthrough is 7.4 g/L.
Amount of fluoride water that can be treated = 199,200/7.4 = 26,918 L.
Treatment cost per litre of water = Rs. 202,945/26,918 = Rs. 7.53.
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Mehta, D., Saharan, V.K. & George, S. Bio-adsorbent hydroxyapatite for drinking water defluoridation: column performance modelling studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26822-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26822-8