Abstract
The present study, investigated the influence of the natural tea saponin (TS) obtained by microwave-assisted extraction and citric acid (CA) by commercially enhancing lead ion (Pb(II)) uptake by Salvia virgata Jacq. The Pb(II) tolerance was compared, and the growth of plants and Pb(II) accumulation characteristics of S. virgata with chemical agents TS and CA were studied for their phytoextraction potential of Pb(II) from artificially contaminated soil of 0–100 mg kg−1 different concentrations under pot conditions. The different morphophysiological parameters of S. virgata such as growth, biomass, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were significantly changed under different Pb(II) stress and TS and CA concentrations. To evaluate the removal efficiency of the studied plant, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) or enrichment coefficient (EC), translocation factor (TF), and tolerance index (TI) values were also calculated and compared with the control. Phytotoxic effects were observed at 100 mg kg−1; added Pb(II) treatments caused significant decreases of 33.05% in the biomass of S. virgata compared to the control. All the obtained results showed that the concentrations of Pb(II) being compared revealed a highest uptake (286 ± 5.2 mg kg−1) of 100 mg kg−1. The concentration of available Pb(II)-assisted TS and CA increased by 9.1–28.4% compared to the control. Based on these findings, S. virgata might be cultivated and used as a hyperaccumulator in the removal of Pb(II) from the contaminated soils, and appropriate application of TS and CA can enhance phytoremediation of Pb(II)-contaminated soil by other hyperaccumulator plants.
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The data that supports the findings of this study is available for sharing from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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All of the scientific studies in this article were carried out by the author, Seydahmet Cay, and he critically revised the manuscript, commented on the drafts of the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript.
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Cay, S. Assessment of tea saponin and citric acid–assisted phytoextraction of Pb-contaminated soil by Salvia virgata Jacq. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 49771–49778 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25809-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25809-9