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Sedimentary geochemistry mediated by a specific hydrological regime in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

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Abstract

The water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) acts as an important sink for inflowing suspended sediment loads over the inundation periods following regular dam operations. This study depicts the sedimentary geochemical dynamics along a sedimentary profile based on the determined chronology and explores its links to the specific hydrological regime created by dam flow regulation and riverine seasonal suspended sediment dynamics. A compact 345-cm-long sediment core was extracted near the base water level (145.3 m) from the WLFZ of the TGR and sectioned at 5-cm intervals. Extracted sediment subsamples were analyzed for grain size composition, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), and geochemical elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, and Cu). The sediment core chronology was determined using 137Cs elemental analysis. Sedimentary geochemistry and grain size properties of extracted sediment core exhibited greater variations during initial submergence years till the first complete impoundment of the TGR (2006–2010). Afterward (2011–2013), although upstream inflowing suspended sediments and reservoir water level were comparable, sediment deposition and concentrations of sedimentary geochemical constituents showed considerably fewer variations. Seasonal variations in sediment deposition and geochemical composition were also observed during the rainy (October–April) and dry (May–September) seasons, in addition to annual variations. Grain size, OM, and other sediment geochemical constituents all had significant correlations with each other and with sediment core depth. The concentrations of geochemical elements in various sediment stratigraphic layers exhibited staggering associations with each other and were dependent on each other in several ways. The arrangement of geochemical elements in various stratigraphic layers of the extracted core illustrated amalgamation with inputs from upstream seasonal suspended sediment dynamics and reservoir water levels. During shortened submergence periods and higher input sediment loads, geochemical elements demonstrated impulsive distributions. Alternatively, during longer submergence periods, elemental distributions were relatively uniform attributed to higher settling time to deposit according to grain size and geochemical affinities. Higher suspended sediment loads in association with seasonal floods also resulted in rough sediment deposition patterns, imparting variations in the distributions of geochemical elements. Interim mediations in geochemical element concentrations are associated with seasonal distal flash floods and local terrace bank collapses, which generate significant amounts of distal sediment loads that are quickly deposited and are not sorted hydrodynamically. Overall, although a specific mechanism was devised to circumvent the siltation process, a considerable amount of sediment is trapped at pre-dam sites. In addition, siltation caused nutrients and geochemical elements’ enrichment.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2040207, 41977075), Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Chongqing (cstc2021jcyj-jqX0026), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU020013), and the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2020YJ0202, 2020YFQ0002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610299, China

    Dil Khurram, Yuhai Bao, **ubin He, Jean de D. Nambajimana & Gratien Nsabimana

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei**g, 100049, China

    Dil Khurram, Jean de D. Nambajimana & Gratien Nsabimana

  3. Chongqing **fo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

    Qiang Tang

  4. Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China

    **lin Li

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YB, QT, and XH designed and conceptualized the research, acquired the funding, and supervised the project. QT, DK, JL, JD, and GN analyzed the data. QT drafted the initial manuscript structure and DK wrote the original manuscript. QT, XH, and TB revised and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Qiang Tang.

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Khurram, D., Bao, Y., Tang, Q. et al. Sedimentary geochemistry mediated by a specific hydrological regime in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 40356–40374 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25086-y

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