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Emission characteristics of particulate matter emitted from 4- and 2-stroke marine diesel engines under the background of sulfur emission reduction

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Abstract

With the implementation of sulfur emission regulations, influences of particulate matter (PM) emitted by marine diesel engines on nearshore atmospheric environment and human health are of increasingly concern. Whatever measures are chosen to meet sulfur emission regulations, the emission characteristic and influencing factors of PM should also be determined. In this study, number and mass emissions, volatility, main composition, and toxicity of PM from marine 4- and 2-stroke diesel engines were investigated. It was found that the size distribution curves of particle number are multiple peaks. Fuels and engines types influence the modal distribution of particles number concentration. For light diesel oil and low-sulfur heavy fuel oil (HFO), particle number was dominated by nucleation and accumulation mode respectively, and particle mass was dominated by accumulation mode. Reduction of fuel sulfur content (FSC) could reduce the particles mass, number and fraction of volatile substance emissions, and small-size particles had the most volatility. Particulate organic carbon (OC) was the main substance, especially for marine 2-stroke diesel engine burning HFO (high- or low-sulfur), while particulate OC contained a large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. The PAHs also had very high toxicity when the engine was burning HFO. The use of low-sulfur HFO cannot make the marine diesel engine meet the current and upcoming PM regulations, and after-treatment technologies or cleaning fuel should be needed.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. And the datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

PM:

Particulate matter

HFO:

Heavy fuel oil

FSC:

Fuel sulfur content

OC:

Organic carbon

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

SOx:

Sulfur oxides

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

ECA:

Emission control area

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EC:

Elemental carbon

LSDF:

Low-sulfur diesel fuel

HSDF:

High-sulfur diesel fuel

DPF:

Diesel particle filter

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

HC:

Hydrocarbon

NMD:

Number mean diameter

OPC:

Organic polymerized carbon

CNN:

Cloud condensation nuclei

MMD:

Mass median diameter

BEQ:

Bap equivalent toxicity

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the University Research Fund (KJRC2022010).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, People’s Republic of China

    **xi Zhou

  2. College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China

    Song Zhou

  3. Department of Technology R&D, China North Engine Research Institute, Tian**, 300400, China

    Zhanguang Wang

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  1. **xi Zhou
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  2. Song Zhou
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Contributions

**xi Zhou: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft. Song Zhou: Resources, Writing—Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Zhanguang Wang: Visualization, Software, Data Curation.

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Correspondence to **xi Zhou.

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Zhou, J., Zhou, S. & Wang, Z. Emission characteristics of particulate matter emitted from 4- and 2-stroke marine diesel engines under the background of sulfur emission reduction. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 33660–33673 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24594-1

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