SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of PCDD/F and DL-PCB pollution levels, source appointment and risk assessment of surface sediments in dam lakes in Istanbul, Türkiye

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current situation of the water resources of Istanbul, which is one of the important metropolises of Europe, should be known and constantly monitored by the reasons of the rapid increase in the city population, the acceleration of production-related industrial activities, the expansion of the city with construction activities, and the decrease in precipitation. The purpose of this study was to reveal the situations of surface sediments collected from Istanbul water reservoirs in terms of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs, to identify possible sources, and to conduct their ecological risk assessment. Total PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs concentrations varied between 28.13 and 457.4 pg/g (average 136.8 pg/g) and 12.19–340.1 pg/g (average 72.09 pg/g). The corresponding TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were between 0.53 and 5.37 pg TEQ/g (average 2.23 pg TEQ/g) and 0.02–0.44 pg TEQ/g (average 0.12 pg TEQ/g), respectively. Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) is the dominant congener by constituting about 75% of the total PCDD/Fs on average, while congener distributions of DL-PCBs showed the dominance of PCB-118 and PCB-105. The sediments taken from Kazandere dam have the lowest pollution levels for both PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. The highest PCDD/F and DL-PCB amounts were measured in sediments of Alibey and Elmalı dams (closest to highly populated settlements of Istanbul), which are most affected by the air pollution caused by the traffic, commercial/industrial combustion (like waste incineration facility) and combustion for residential heating. Almost all the sediments have total dioxin-like toxicity levels higher than the safe threshold level (with two exceptions) of 0.85 pg TEQ/g dw, proposed for ecological risk. Health risk assessment shows that levels of dioxin-like compounds would result in a total intake of 0.33 pg TEQ/kg bw/day even in the worst-case scenario, not exceeding the tolerable daily intake value of 1 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. Among exposure pathways, consumption of fish constitutes almost all the total intake, while contributions of other pathways are minimal.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

(Source: Google Earth)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Altinbilek D (2006) Water management in Istanbul. Water Resour Dev 22(2):241–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baban A, Tayfur G (2011) Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 183(4):77–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhavsar SP, Gewurtz SB, Helm PA, Labencki TL, Marvin CH, Fletcher R, Hayton A, Reiner EJ, Boyd D (2010) Estimating sediment quality thresholds to prevent restrictions on fish consumption: application to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins–furans in the Canadian great lakes. Integr Environ Assess Manag 6(4):641–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CCME (2002) Canadian council of ministers of the environment. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, vol. 2

  • Dinç B, Avaz G, Canlı O, Güzel B, Eren B, Yetiş Ü (2021) Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in the river and marine sediments of Samsun coastline. J Water Chem Technol 43:131–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evenset E, Christensen GN, Carrol J, Zaborska A, Berger U, Herzke D, Gregor D (2007) Historical trends in persistent organic pollutants and metals recorded in sediment from lake Ellasjøen, Bjørnøya, Norwegian Arctic. Environ Pollut 146:196–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field JA, Sierra-Alvarez R (2008) Microbial degradation of chlorinated dioxins. Chemosphere 71(6):1005–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse R (2004) Ecological risk assessment of dioxins in Australia, national dioxins program technical report no. 11, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra

  • Güzel B, Canli O, Aslan A (2022) Spatial distribution, source identification and ecological risk assessment of POPs and heavy metals in lake sediments of Istanbul, Turkey. Mar Pollut Bull 113172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113172

  • Güzel B, Canli O, Dede Ş, Karademir A (2020) Assessment of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB levels in environmental and food samples in the vicinity of IZAYDAS waste incinerator plant (WIP): from past to present. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:13902–13914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt E, Von der Recke R, Wetter W, Hawker D, Alberts V, Kuch B, Weber R, Gaus C (2008) Assessing dioxin precursors in pesticide formulations and environmental samples as a source of octachlorodibenzop-dioxin in soil and sediment. Environ Sci Technol 42:1472–1478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hung W, Huang WY, Lin C, Vu CT, Yotapukdee S, Kaewlaoyoong A, Chen JR, Shen YH (2017) The use of ultrasound-assisted anaerobic compost tea washing to remove poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) from highly contaminated field soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24:18936–18945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ISKI (2021) İçilebilir Su Serüveni - Su Kaynakları. Accessed on Jan 30, 2021 at https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/kurumsal/iski-hakkinda1/su-kaynaklari1

  • Isosaari P, Pajunen H, Vartiainen T (2002) PCDD/F and PCB history in dated sediments of a rural lake. Chemosphere 47:575–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (2014) Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 7:60–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karademir A, Ergül HA, Telli B, Kilavuz SA, Terzi M (2014) Evaluation of PCDD/F pollution in surface sediments of Izmit Bay. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(9):6611–6619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni PS, Crespo JG, Afonso CAM (2008) Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies - A review. Environ Int 34:139–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Yu L, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P (2007) Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in air around an electronic waste dismantling area in China. Environ Sci Technol 41(16):5641–5646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin C, Kaewlaoyoong A, Vu CT, Huang WY (2017) Treatment of dioxin-contaminated soil by organic waste co-composting system. International Conference on Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications PHENMA Advanced Materials, pp. 619–623

  • Moon HB, Choi M, Choi HG, Kannan K (2012) Severe pollution of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments from Lake Shihwa, Korea: tracking the source. Mar Pollut Bull 64(11):2357–2363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NEA (2018) Risk assessment of contaminated sediments – guidelines. Norwegian Environmental Agency, Guidance Notes M-1132

  • Nguyen HL, Leermakers M, Osan J, Török S, Baeyens W (2005) Heavy metals in Lake Balaton: water column, suspended matter, sediment and biota. Sci Total Environ 340(1–3):213–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norstrom RJ (2006) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the Great Lakes. Hdb Env Chem 5:71–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunes M, Marchand P, Vernisseau A, Le Bizec B, Ramos F, Pardal MA (2011) PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediment and biota from the Mondego estuary (Portugal). Chemosphere 83(10):1345–1352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okay OS, Karacık B, Başak S, Henkelmann B, Bernhöft S, Schramm KW (2009) PCB and PCDD/F in sediments and mussels of the Istanbul strait (Turkey). Chemosphere 76:159–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RG (2017) Bylaw on the protection of drinking and domestic water basins. Resmi Gazete 30224-28.10.2017, (in Turkish)

  • Sanctorum H, Elskens M, Leermakers M, Gao Y, Charriau A, Billon G, Goscinny S, De Cooman W, Baeyens W (2011) Sources of PCDD/Fs, non-ortho PCBs and PAHs in sediments of high and low impacted transboundary rivers (Belgium-France). Chemosphere 85(2):203–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sany SB, Hashim R, Rezayi M, Rahman MA, Razavizadeh BB, Abouzari-lotf E, Karlen DJ (2015) Integrated ecological risk assessment of dioxin compounds. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2:11193–11208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw SD, Berger ML, Weijs L, P€ apke, O., Covaci, A., (2014) Polychlorinated biphenyls still pose significant health risks to northwest Atlantic harbor seals. Sci Total Environ 490:477–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song A, Li H, Liu MY, Peng P, Hu JF, Sheng G, Ying G (2022) Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator: a comparison with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Environ Pollut 118563

  • Ssebugere P, Sillanpaa M, Matovu H, Mubiru E (2019) Human and environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Africa: a review. Chemosphere 223:483–493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki G, Someya M, Matsukami H, Tue NM, Uchida N, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Brouwer A, Takigami H (2016) Comprehensive evaluation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in surface soils and river sediments from e-waste-processing sites in a village in northern Vietnam: heading towards the environmentally sound management of e-waste. Emerg Contam 2:98–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TÜİK (2020) Turkish Statistical Institute, Seafood Statistics 2020 (in Turkish)

  • Unalan D (2011) Why cities cannot be sustainable: governance and planning for Istanbul. Local Econ 26(4):305–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2006) An inventory of sources and environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States for the years 1987, 1995, and 2000. EPA/600/P-03/002F

  • Vandermarken T, Gao Y, Baeyens W, Denison MS, Croes K (2018) Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in sediment samples and suspended particulate matter from the Scheldt estuary and the North Sea Coast: comparison of CALUX concentration levels in historical and recent samples. Sci Total Environ 1(626):109–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Shang H, Li H, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Jiang G (2016) PBDEs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the sediments from seven major river basins in China: occurrence, congener profile and spatial tendency. Chemosphere 144:13–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank scholarship Beyza YÜCE for her support in the laboratory studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gebze, 41470, Kocaeli, Türkiye

    Oltan Canlı & Barış Guzel

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kocaeli, İzmit, 41100, Kocaeli, Türkiye

    Aykan Karademır

Authors
  1. Oltan Canlı
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barış Guzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aykan Karademır
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Barış GUZEL: supervision, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing — original draft, writing — review & editing. Oltan CANLI: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, writing — review & editing. Aykan KARADEMIR data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing — original draft, writing — review & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barış Guzel.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Christian Gagnon

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 45 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Canlı, O., Guzel, B. & Karademır, A. Determination of PCDD/F and DL-PCB pollution levels, source appointment and risk assessment of surface sediments in dam lakes in Istanbul, Türkiye. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 90923–90935 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22244-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22244-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation