Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of inorganic and organic substances as well as microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water on a global scale. The findings were compared to WHO guidelines, EPA standards, European Union (EU) directive, and standards drafted by International Bottled Water Association (IBWA). Our review showed that 46% of studies focused on the organic contaminants, 25% on physicochemical parameters, 12% on trace elements, 7% on the microbial quality, and 10% on microplastics (MPs) and radionuclides elements. Overall, from the 54 studies focusing on organic contaminants (OCs) compounds, 11% of studies had higher OCs concentrations than the standard permissible limit. According to the obtained results from this review, several OCs, inorganic contaminants (IOCs), including CHCl3, CHBrCl2, DEHP, benzene, styrene, Ba, As, Hg, pb, Ag, F, NO3, and SO4 in bottled drinking water of some countries were higher than the international guidelines values that may cause risks for human health in a long period of time. Furthermore, some problematic contaminants with known or unknown health effects such as EDCs, DBP, AA, MPs, and some radionuclides (40K and 222Rn) lack maximum permissible values in bottled drinking water as stipulated by international guidelines. The risk index (HI) for OCs and IOCs (CHBrCl2, Ba, As, and Hg) was higher than 1 in adults and children, and the value of HI for CHCl3 in children was more than 1. Thus, further studies are required to have a better understanding of all contaminants levels in bottled drinking water.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abed KF, Alwakeel SS (2007) Mineral and microbial contents of bottled and tap water in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Middle East J Sci Res 2:151–156
Abtahi M, Dobaradaran S, Jorfi S, Koolivand A, Mohebbi MR, Montazeri A, Khaloo SS, Keshmiri S, Saeedi R (2018) Age-sex specific and sequela-specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to dental caries preventable through water fluoridation: an assessment at the national and subnational levels in Iran, 2016. Environ Res 167:372–385
Abtahi M, Dobaradaran S, Jorfi S, Koolivand A, Khaloo SS, Spitz J, Saeedi H, Golchinpour N, Saeedi R (2019a) Age-sex specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to elevated levels of fluoride in drinking water: a national and subnational study in Iran, 2017. Water Res 157:94–105
Abtahi M, Dobaradaran S, Torabbeigi M, Jorfi S, Gholamnia R, Koolivand A, Darabi H, Kavousi A, Saeedi R (2019b) Health risk of phthalates in water environment: occurrence in water resources, bottled water, and tap water, and burden of disease from exposure through drinking water in Tehran, Iran. Environ Res 173:469–479
Addo K, Mensah G, Donkor B, Bonsu C, Akyeh M (2009) Bacteriological quality of bottled water sold on the Ghanaian market. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev 9.
Aghaee EM, Alimohammadi M, Nabizadeh R, Naseri S, Mahvi AH, Yaghmaeian K, Aslani H, Nazmara S, Mahmoudi B, Ghani M (2014a) Effects of storage time and temperature on the antimony and some trace element release from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the bottled drinking water. J Environ Health Sci Eng 12:1–7
Aghaee EM, Alimohammadi M, Nabizadeh R, Naseri S, Mahvi AH, Yaghmaeian K, Aslani H, Nazmara S, Mahmoudi B, Ghani M (2014b) Effects of storage time and temperature on the antimony and some trace element release from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the bottled drinking water. J Environ Health Sci Eng 12:133
Ahmad M, Bajahlan AS (2009) Quality comparison of tap water vs. bottled water in the industrial city of Yanbu (Saudi Arabia). Environ Monit Assess 159:1
Ahmed Omar B, Anas SD (2018) Bacteriological Evaluation of Commercially Bottled Water in Al-Laith. Saudi Arabia EC Microbiology 14(12):845–850
Akbari H, Soleimani H, Radfard M, Abasnia A, Hashemzadeh B, Akbari H, Adibzadeh A (2018) Data on investigating the nitrate concentration levels and quality of bottled water in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Khorasan razavi province, Iran. Data Brief 20:463
Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Nabipour I, Tajbakhsh S, Darabi AH, Spitz J (2020a) Abundance, composition, and potential intake of microplastics in canned fish. Mar Pollut Bull 160:111633
Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Nabipour I, Spitz J (2020b) Worldwide bottled water occurrence of emerging contaminants: a review of the recent scientific literature. J Hazard Mater 392:122271
Al-Mudhaf HF, Alsharifi FA, Abu-Shady A-SI (2009) A survey of organic contaminants in household and bottled drinking waters in Kuwait. Sci Total Environ 407:1658–1668
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Alsabbaheen A (2011) Phthalates residues in plastic bottled waters. J Toxicol Sci 36:469–478
Al-Zahrani F, Albaqshi H, Alhelal G, Mohamed I, Aga O, Abdel-Magid I (2017) Bottled water quality in KSA. IJISET-Intl J Innov Sci Eng Technol 4:2348–7968
Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I (2019) Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. J Chem 2019.
Alidadi H, Sany SBT, Oftadeh BZG, Mohamad T, Shamszade H, Fakhari M (2019) Health risk assessments of arsenic and toxic heavy metal exposure in drinking water in northeast Iran. Environ Health Prev Med 24:59
Allen HE, Halley-Henderson MA, Hass CN (1989) Chemical composition of bottled mineral water. Arch Environ Health Intl J 44:102–116
Alonso SG, Valcárcel Y, Montero J, Catalá M (2012) Nicotine occurrence in bottled mineral water: analysis of 10 brands of water in Spain. Sci Total Environ 416:527–531
Alrefae T (2012) Investigation of 238U content in bottled water consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses. Health Phys 102:85–89
Arévalo-Pérez EC, Martínez-León AJ, Lemus-Perez MF, Rodriguez-Susa MS (2014) Study of the presence of DBP and microorganisms in bottled water. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua 5:5–18
Asgari G, Komijani E, Seid-Mohammadi A, Khazaei M (2021) Assessment the quality of bottled drinking water through Mamdani Fuzzy Water Quality Index. Water Resour Manag, 1-22.
Ayoub Momani K (2006) Chemical assessment of bottled drinking waters by IC, GC, and ICP-MS. Instrum Sci Technol 34:587–605
Azoulay A, Garzon P, Eisenberg MJ (2001) Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters. J Gen Intern Med 16:168–175
Baba A, Ereeş F, Hıçsönmez Ü, Çam S, Özdılek H (2008) An assessment of the quality of various bottled mineral water marketed in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 139:277
Bach C, Dauchy X, Chagnon M-C, Etienne S (2012) Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: a source of controversy reviewed. Water Res 46:571–583
Bach C, Dauchy X, Severin I, Munoz J-F, Etienne S, Chagnon M-C (2014) Effect of sunlight exposure on the release of intentionally and/or non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: Chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity. Food Chem 162:63–71
Bagher AM, Vahid M, Mohsen M (2014) Introduction to radioactive materials. Intl J Renew Sustain Energy 3:59–67
Benson NU, Agboola OD, Fred-Ahmadu OH, De-la-Torre GE, Oluwalana A, Williams A (2022) Micro (nano) plastics prevalence, food web interactions and toxicity assessment in aquatic organisms: a review. Frontiers in Marine Science, 291.
Bharath J, Mosodeen M, Motilal S, Sandy S, Sharma S, Tessaro T, Thomas K, Umamaheswaran M, Simeon D, Adesiyun A (2003) Microbial quality of domestic and imported brands of bottled water in Trinidad. Int J Food Microbiol 81:53–62
Bono-Blay F, Guart A, de la Fuente B, Pedemonte M, Pastor MC, Borrell A, Lacorte S (2012) Survey of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and herbicides in Spanish source waters intended for bottling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:3339–3349
Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R (2020) Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6:e04691
Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, De Voogt P, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, van Leeuwen SP (2011) Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Assess Manag 7:513–541
Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF (2020) A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1212
Carpenter DO (2006) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): routes of exposure and effects on human health. Rev Environ Health 21:1–24
Cerna-Cortes JF, Cortes-Cueto AL, Villegas-Martínez D, Leon-Montes N, Salas-Rangel LP, Rivera-Gutierrez S, Lopez-Hernandez D, Helguera-Repetto AC, Fernandez-Rendon E, Gonzalez-y-Merchand JA (2019) Bacteriological quality of bottled water obtained from Mexico City small water purification plants: Incidence and identification of potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria species. Int J Food Microbiol 306:108260
Cidu R, Frau F, Tore P (2011) Drinking water quality: Comparing inorganic components in bottled water and Italian tap water. J Food Compos Anal 24:184–193
Cotruvo JA (2017) 2017 WHO guidelines for drinking water quality: first addendum to the fourth edition. J Am Water Works Assoc 109:44–51
Council NR, Committee SDW (1977) Chemical contaminants: safety and risk assessment, drinking water and health: volume 1. National Academies Press (US).
da Silva MEZ, Santana RG, Guilhermetti M, Camargo Filho I, Endo EH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Dias Filho BP (2008) Comparison of the bacteriological quality of tap water and bottled mineral water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211:504–509
Damalas CA, Eleftherohorinos IG (2011) Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8:1402–1419
Dąrowska A, Borcz A, Nawrocki J (2003) Aldehyde contamination of mineral water stored in PET bottles. Food Addit Contam 20:1170–1177
De-la-Torre GE (2020) Microplastics: an emerging threat to food security and human health. J Food Sci Technol 57:1601–1608
De-la-Torre GE, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Dioses-Salinas DC, Ammendolia J, Okoffo ED (2021) Investigating the current status of COVID-19 related plastics and their potential impact on human health. Curr Opin Toxicol 27:47–53
Dey S, Giri B (2016) Fluoride fact on human health and health problems: a review. Med Clin Rev 2:11
Díaz G, Ortiz R, Schettino B, Vega S, Gutiérrez R (2009) Organochlorine pesticides residues in bottled drinking water from Mexico City. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 82:701–704
Diduch M, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J (2011) Chemical quality of bottled waters: a review. J Food Sci 76:R178–R196
Dippong T, Mihali C, Năsui D, Berinde Z, Butean C (2018) Assessment of water physicochemical parameters in the Strîmtori-Firiza Reservoir in Northwest Romania: Dippong et al. Water Environ Res 90:220–233
Dippong T, Hoaghia M-A, Mihali C, Cical E, Calugaru M (2020) Human health risk assessment of some bottled waters from Romania. Environ Pollut 267:115409
Dobaradaran S, Mahvi AH, Nabizadeh R, Mesdaghinia A, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Rastkari N, Nazmara S (2010) Hazardous organic compounds in groundwater near Tehran automobile industry. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 85:530–533
Dobaradaran S, Fard ES, Tekle-Röttering A, Keshtkar M, Karbasdehi VN, Abtahi M, Gholamnia R, Saeedi R (2020a) Age-sex specific and cause-specific health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) from drinking water: an assessment in four urban communities of Bushehr Province, Iran, 2017. Environ Res 182:109062
Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Lorenzo-Parodi N, Kaziur-Cegla W, Jochmann MA, Nabipour I, Lutze HV, Telgheder U (2020b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leachates from cigarette butts into water. Environ Pollut 259:113916
Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Kaziur-Cegla W, Jochmann MA (2021) BTEX compounds leachates from cigarette butts into water environment: a primary study. Environ Pollut 269:116185
Eerkes-Medrano D, Leslie HA, Quinn B (2019) Microplastics in drinking water: a review and assessment. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 7:69–75
Endirlik BÜ, Bakır E, Boşgelmez İİ, Eken A, Narin İ, Gürbay A (2019) Assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances levels in tap and bottled water samples from Turkey. Chemosphere 235:1162–1171
EPA U (2018) edition of the drinking water standards and health advisories Tables. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories
Fakhri Y, Mohseni SM, Jafarzadeh S, Langarizadeh G, Moradi B, Zandsalimi Y, Rahimizadeh A, Mirzaei M (2015) Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk lead in bottled water in different age groups in Bandar Abbas Ciry, Iran. Global Journal of Health Science 7:286
Fakour H, Lo S-L (2018) Formation of trihalomethanes as disinfection byproducts in herbal spa pools. Sci Rep 8:1–11
Falcone-Dias MF, Farache Filho A (2013) Quantitative variations in heterotrophic plate count and in the presence of indicator microorganisms in bottled mineral water. Food Control 31:90–96
Fard ES, Dobaradaran S, Hayati R (2015) Chemical, microbial and physical evaluation of commercial bottled drinking water available in Bushehr city, Iran. Fresenius Environ Bull 24:3836–3841
Fatima I, Zaidi J, Arif M, Tahir S (2007) Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates. Radiat Prot Dosim 123:234–240
Gellrich V, Brunn H, Stahl T (2013) Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in mineral water and tap water. J Environ Sci Health A 48:129–135
Hadiani MR, Dezfooli-Manesh S, Shoeibi S, Ziarati P, Mousavi Khaneghah A (2015) Trace elements and heavy metals in mineral and bottled drinking waters on the Iranian market. Food Add Contam Part B 8:18–24
Hajiouni S, Mohammadi A, Ramavandi B, Arfaeinia H, De-la-Torre GE, Tekle-Röttering A, Dobaradaran S (2022) Occurrence of microplastics and phthalate esters in urban runoff: a focus on the Persian Gulf coastline. Sci Total Environ 806:150559
Halden RU (2010) Plastics and health risks. Annu Rev Public Health 31:179–194
Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J (2007) Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210:623–634
IBWA (1991) International bottled Water Association Model Bottled Water Regulation. IBWA Alexandria, VA
Igbeneghu OA, Lamikanra A (2014) The bacteriological quality of different brands of bottled water available to consumers in Ile-Ife, south-western Nigeria. BMC research notes 7:1–6
Ikem A, Odueyungbo S, Egiebor NO, Nyavor K (2002) Chemical quality of bottled waters from three cities in eastern Alabama. Sci Total Environ 285:165–175
Jain B, Singh AK, Susan MABH (2019) The world around bottled water. Bottled and Packaged Water, 39-61.
Jeddi MZ, Rastkari N, Ahmadkhaniha R, Yunesian M (2016) Endocrine disruptor phthalates in bottled water: daily exposure and health risk assessment in pregnant and lactating women. Environ Monit Assess 188:1–16
Jorfi S, Pourfadakari S, Ahmadi M, Akbari H (2017) Thermally activated persulfate treatment and mineralization of a recalcitrant high TDS petrochemical wastewater Pol J Chem Technol 19.
Jorfi S, Shooshtarian M, Pourfadakari S (2020) Decontamination of cadmium from aqueous solutions using zeolite decorated by Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles: adsorption modeling and thermodynamic studies. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:273–286
Kankanige D, Babel S (2020) Smaller-sized micro-plastics (MPs) contamination in single-use PET-bottled water in Thailand. Sci Total Environ 717:137232
Karim Z, Qureshi BA, Ghouri I (2013) Spatial analysis of human health risk associated with trihalomethanes in drinking water: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Chemistry 2013
Kaur R, Sharma S, Kaur H (2019) Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. J Pharma Phytochem SP1:247–249
Kielhorn J, Schmidt S, Mangelsdorf I, Organization WH (2006) Heptachlor. World Health Organization
Koelmans AA, Nor NHM, Hermsen E, Kooi M, Mintenig SM, De France J (2019) Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: critical review and assessment of data quality. Water Res 155:410–422
Krachler M, Shotyk W (2009) Trace and ultratrace metals in bottled waters: survey of sources worldwide and comparison with refillable metal bottles. Sci Total Environ 407:1089–1096
Kralik C, Friedrich M, Vojir F (2003) Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria. J Environ Radioact 65:233–241
Kujlu R, Mahdavianpour M, Ghanbari F (2020) Multi-route human health risk assessment from trihalomethanes in drinking and non-drinking water in Abadan, Iran. Environ Scie Pollut Res 27:42621–42630
Kunacheva C, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Boontanon SK, Poothong S, Wongwatthana T, Shivakoti BR (2010) Perfluorinated compounds contamination in tap water and bottled water in Bangkok, Thailand. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 59:345–354
Latini G (2005) Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Clin Chim Acta 361:20–29
Leivadara SV, Nikolaou AD, Lekkas TD (2008) Determination of organic compounds in bottled waters. Food Chem 108:277–286
Li W, Lacroix B (2004) DA Powell The microbiological safety of bottled water in Canada. Food Safety Network
Luo Q, Liu Z-h, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu P-x, Zhu N-w, Lin Z, Liu Y (2018) Migration and potential risk of trace phthalates in bottled water: a global situation. Water Res 147:362–372
Maggioni S, Balaguer P, Chiozzotto C, Benfenati E (2013) Screening of endocrine-disrupting phenols, herbicides, steroid estrogens, and estrogenicity in drinking water from the waterworks of 35 Italian cities and from PET-bottled mineral water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:1649–1660
Mihucz VG, Záray G (2016) Occurrence of antimony and phthalate esters in polyethylene terephthalate bottled drinking water. Appl Spectrosc Rev 51:183–209
Miranzadeh M, Hassanzadeh M, Dehqan S (2011) Determination of total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate and fluoride in 24 brands of Iranian bottled waters. Intl J Phys Sci 6:5128–5132
Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A (2015) Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol official J Indian Soc Med Paediatr Oncol 36:24
Moazeni M, Ebrahimi A, Atefi M, Mahaki B, Rastegari HA (2014) Determination of nitrate and nitrite exposure and their health risk assessment in 21 brands of bottled waters in Isfahan’s market in 2013. Intl J Environ Health Eng 3:28
Mögel I, Baumann S, Böhme A, Kohajda T, von Bergen M, Simon J-C, Lehmann I (2011) The aromatic volatile organic compounds toluene, benzene and styrene induce COX-2 and prostaglandins in human lung epithelial cells via oxidative stress and p38 MAPK activation. Toxicology 289:28–37
Mom S (1979) Contamination of water and organic solvents stored in plastic bottles with phthalate ester plasticizers. Anal Chim Acta 108:325–332
Muhamad SG, Esmail LS, Hasan SH (2011) Effect of storage temperature and sunlight exposure on the physicochemical properties of bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 15
Naidoo S, Olaniran AO (2014) Treated wastewater effluent as a source of microbial pollution of surface water resources. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:249–270
Najah ZM, Salem BA, Aburas NM (2021) Analysis of Some bottled drinking water samples available in Alkoms City. J Acad Res (Applied Sciences) 17:1
Nawrocki J, Dąbrowska A, Borcz A (2002) Investigation of carbonyl compounds in bottled waters from Poland. Water Res 36:4893–4901
Ogan M (1992) Microbiological quality of bottled water sold in retail outlets in Nigeria. J Appl Bacteriol 73:175–181
Oßmann BE, Sarau G, Holtmannspötter H, Pischetsrieder M, Christiansen SH, Dicke W (2018) Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water. Water Res 141:307–316
Ostovar A, Dobaradaran S, Ravanipour M, Khajeian A (2013) Correlation between fluoride level in drinking water and the prevalence of hypertension: an ecological correlation study (correspondence).
Pant ND, Poudyal N, Bhattacharya SK (2016) Bacteriological quality of bottled drinking water versus municipal tap water in Dharan municipality. Nepal J Health Population Nutri 35:17
Parag Y, Opher T (2011) Bottled drinking water. Water And Health, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
Parto M, Aazami J, Shamsi Z, Zamani A, Savabieasfahani M (2021) Determination of bisphenol-A in plastic bottled water in markets of Zanjan, Iran. Int J Environ Sci Technol:1–8
Parvizishad M, Dalvand A, Mahvi AH, Goodarzi F (2017) A review of adverse effects and benefits of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and food on human health. Health Scope 6
Pereira MA (2000) Health risk of the trihalomethanes found in drinking water carcinogenic activity and interactions. Environ. Protect. Agency (EPA). USA
Phipps K (1995) Fluoride and bone health. J Public Health Dent 55:53–56
Piñero-García F, Thomas R, Mantero J, Forssell-Aronsson E, Isaksson M (2021) Radiological impact of naturally occurring radionuclides in bottled water. Food Control, 108302
Pip E (2000) Survey of bottled drinking water available in Manitoba, Canada. Environ Health Pers 108:863–866
Pourfadakari S, Jorfi S, Ghafari S (2020a) An efficient biosurfactant by Pseudomonas stutzeri Z12 isolated from an extreme environment for remediation of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons. Chem Biochem Eng Q 34:35–48
Pourfadakari S, Jorfi S, Roudbari A, Javid A, Talebi SS, Ghadiri SK, Yousefi N (2020b) Optimization of electro-kinetic process for remediation of soil contaminated with phenanthrene using response surface methodology. Environ Scie Pollut Res, 1-12.
Pourfadakari S, Spitz J, Dobaradaran S (2021) Metal (liod) s levels of commercially green tea (camellia sinensis) and salt in Germany and their non-carcinogenic risks. Toxin Rev:1–9
Pourzamani H, Keshavarz M, Moazeni M, Heidari Z, Zarean M (2020) Effect of common storage condition on the release of phthalate contaminants of bottled water in polyethylene terephthalate: a chemical analysis and human health risk assessment. Intl J Environ Health Eng 9:12
Priac A, Morin-Crini N, Druart C, Gavoille S, Bradu C, Lagarrigue C, Torri G, Winterton P, Crini G (2017) Alkylphenol and alkylphenol polyethoxylates in water and wastewater: a review of options for their elimination. Arab J Chem 10:S3749–S3773
Ramírez-Castillo FY, Loera-Muro A, Jacques M, Garneau P, Avelar-González FJ, Harel J, Guerrero-Barrera AL (2015) Waterborne pathogens: detection methods and challenges. Pathogens 4:307–334
Rayes LA, Saliba C, Ghanem A, Randon J (2012) BTES and aldehydes analysis in PET-bottled water in Lebanon. Food Add Contam Part B 5:221–227
Razali NAS, Abidin UFUZ, Abedin NHZ, Omar S, Selamat J, Sanny M (2021) The effects of storage temperature and time on the levels of phthalates in commercial PET-bottled water. Malaysian J Anal Sci 25:508–520
Reimann C, Birke M, Filzmoser P (2010) Bottled drinking water: water contamination from bottle materials (glass, hard PET, soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification. Appl Geochem 25:1030–1046
Reimann C, Birke M, Filzmoser P (2012) Temperature-dependent leaching of chemical elements from mineral water bottle materials. Appl Geochem 27:1492–1498
Risica S, Grande S (2000) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption: calculation of derived activity concentrations. Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma, Italy
Roșca OM, Dippong T, Marian M, Mihali C, Mihalescu L, Hoaghia M-A, Jelea M (2020) Impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality parameters of glacial lakes from Rodnei mountains, Romania. Environ Res 182:109136
Saleh MA, Ewane E, Jones J, Wilson BL (2001) Chemical evaluation of commercial bottled drinking water from Egypt. J Food Compos Anal 14:127–152
Saleh MA, Abdel-Rahman FH, Woodard BB, Clark S, Wallace C, Aboaba A, Zhang W, Nance JH (2008) Chemical, microbial and physical evaluation of commercial bottled waters in greater Houston area of Texas. J Environ Sci Health Part A 43:335–347
Santana J, Giraudi C, Marengo E, Robotti E, Pires S, Nunes I, Gaspar EM (2014) Preliminary toxicological assessment of phthalate esters from drinking water consumed in Portugal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:1380–1390
Saylor A, Prokopy LS, Amberg S (2011) What’s wrong with the tap? Examining perceptions of tap water and bottled water at Purdue University. Environ Manag 48:588–601
Shams M, Dobaradaran S, Mazloomi S, Afsharnia M, Ghasemi M, Bahreinie M (2012) Drinking water in Gonabad, Iran: fluoride levels in bottled, distribution network, point of use desalinator, and decentralized municipal desalination plant water. Fluoride 45:138
Shams M, Qasemi M, Afsharnia M, Mohammadzadeh A, Zarei A (2019) Chemical and microbial quality of bottled drinking water in Gonabad city, Iran: effect of time and storage conditions on microbial quality of bottled waters. MethodsX 6:273–277
Sharma S, Bhattacharya A (2017) Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci 7:1043–1067
Sijimol M, Mohan M, Dineep D (2016) Perchlorate contamination in bottled and other drinking water sources of Kerala, southwest coast of India. Energy Ecol Environ 1:148–156
Sinharoy P, McAllister SL, Vasu M, Gross ER (2019) Environmental aldehyde sources and the health implications of exposure. Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, 35-52.
Smoke T, Smoking I (2004) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC, Lyon, 1-1452.
Soni V, Singh P, Shree V, Goel V (2018) Effects of VOCs on human health, air pollution and control. Springer, pp. 119-142.
Takdastan A, Pourfadakari S, Jorfi S (2018) Ultrasonically induced adsorption of nitrate from aqueous solution using Fe3O4@ activated carbon nanocomposite. Desalin Water Treat 123:230–239
Takdastan A, Pourfadakari S, Yousefi N, Orooji N (2020) Removal of Sunset Yellow dye using heterogeneous catalytic degradation with magnetic Fe3O4/persulfate/ultrasound system. Desalin Water Treat 197:402–412
Torres FG, De-la-Torre GE (2021) Historical microplastic records in marine sediments: current progress and methodological evaluation. Reg Stud Mar Sci 46:101868
Turhan Ş, Zriba N, Taşkın H, Yılmaz Z, Bayülken S, Hançerlioğulları A, Kurnaz A (2019) Radiochemical analysis of bottled drinking waters consumed in Turkey and a risk assessment study. Microchem J 149:104047
Turhan Ş, Kurnaz A, Hançerlioğulları A (2021) Comparison of mineral content of bottled spring and mineral waters marketed in Turkey. Turkish J Agri Food Sci Technol 9:1567–1572
Varga L (2011) Bacteriological quality of bottled natural mineral waters commercialized in Hungary. Food Control 22:591–595
Venieri D, Vantarakis A, Komninou G, Papapetropoulou M (2006) Microbiological evaluation of bottled non-carbonated (“still”) water from domestic brands in Greece. Int J Food Microbiol 107:68–72
Vierke L, Staude C, Biegel-Engler A, Drost W, Schulte C (2012) Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)—main concerns and regulatory developments in Europe from an environmental point of view. Environ Sci Eur 24:16
Wang Y, Qian H (2021) Phthalates and their impacts on human health. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Healthcare, p 603
Wilbur SB, Keith S, Faroon O, Wohlers D (2007) Toxicological profile for benzene.
Yun WM, Ho YB, Tan ESS, How V (2008) Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate drinking water bottles under different storage conditions and its associated health risk. Malaysian J Med Health Sci 14:18–26
Zaki G, Shoeib T (2018) Concentrations of several phthalates contaminants in Egyptian bottled water: effects of storage conditions and estimate of human exposure. Sci Total Environ 618:142–150
Zarei H, Nasseri S, Noudehi RN, Pourfadakari S, Shemirani F, Mahvi AH (2017) Evaluation of removal efficiency of fluoride from aqueous solutions using synthesis of nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs): equilibrium and kinetic studies. Desalin Water Treat 65:359–366
Zeng F, Wei W, Li M, Huang R, Yang F, Duan Y (2015) Heavy metal contamination in rice-producing soils of Hunan province, China and potential health risks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:15584–15593
Zuccarello P, Ferrante M, Cristaldi A, Copat C, Grasso A, Sangregorio D, Fiore M, Conti GO (2019) Exposure to microplastics (< 10 μm) associated to plastic bottles mineral water consumption: the first quantitative study. Water Res 157:365–371
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences (grant no.1699).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SP: data curation, software, writing — original draft. SD: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing. GED-l-T: writing — review and editing. AM: writing — review and editing. RS: writing — review and editing. JS: writing — review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors have read the manuscript and have agreed to submit it in its current form for consideration for publication in the Journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
ESM 1
(DOCX 249 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pourfadakari, S., Dobaradaran, S., De-la-Torre, G.E. et al. Evaluation of occurrence of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water and comparison with international guidelines: a worldwide review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 55400–55414 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21213-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21213-x