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Evaluate the exposure of toxic metals via drinking water and smoking nonbranded cigarette in malnourished women by modified single/two-step cloud point extraction

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Abstract

Presently, the exposure of heavy metals (cadmium and lead) was determined in biological sample (serum) of women (pregnant and nonpregnant) who belong to low socioeconomic group (malnutrition). The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined in drinking water and locally produced cigarette (bidi), smoking by women of childbearing age. The preconcentration of heavy metals in serum, water, and tobacco of bidi were carried out by cloud point extraction at single and two-step methods before determination by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame mode. The Cd and Pb in the water- and acid-digested serum and tobacco samples were treated with a complexing reagent 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). The hydrophobic complex of Cd and Pb was entrapped in Triton X-114. For the first step, the entrapped analytes in Triton X-114 was diluted with alcoholic acid (0.2 mol/L of HNO3) and subjected to FAAS, whereas for the second step of CPE, the surfactant-rich analyte was subjected to the second round of enrichment method. Lastly, the analyte was back-extracted in acidic solution (0.2 mol/L) and analyzed by FAAS. The all significant variable was optimized for optimal recovery of Cd and Pb. The recommended single/two-step cloud point extraction method was validated by simultaneously evaluated matrices matched certified reference materials of water, serum, and tobacco. The resulted data indicated that the groundwater samples contained elevated concentrations of Cd and Pb than recommended values for drinking water by WHO, while the contents of Cd and Pb were observed about two-fold higher in nonbranded cigarette (bidi) than branded cigarette. It was observed that there were about 3 to 4 times higher concentrations of both toxic metals in blood serum of smoker malnourished women group than in referent nonsmoker women.

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Funding

The National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, financially supported this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    Tasneem Gul Kazi, Hassan Imran Afridi, Faiza Ali Korejo, Asma Akhtar & Jameel Ahmed Baig

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  1. Tasneem Gul Kazi
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  2. Hassan Imran Afridi
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  3. Faiza Ali Korejo
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  4. Asma Akhtar
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  5. Jameel Ahmed Baig
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Correspondence to Tasneem Gul Kazi.

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Highlights

• Preconcentration of heavy metals was carried out in serum, water and tobacco of locally made cigarette

• The cloud point extraction at single and two-step methods, efficiently applied on different matrices

• The analyte was back-extracted in acidic media prior to analysis by FAAS

• The groundwater was contaminated with elevated levels of Cd as recommended by WHO for drinking water.

• Cd and Pb was observed about two-fold higher in nonbranded cigarette (bidi) than branded cigarette.

• The Cd and Pb was 3–4 times higher in serum samples of smoker malnourished women than referents.

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Kazi, T.G., Afridi, H.I., Korejo, F.A. et al. Evaluate the exposure of toxic metals via drinking water and smoking nonbranded cigarette in malnourished women by modified single/two-step cloud point extraction. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 14543–14552 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07897-z

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