SpringerLink
Log in

Power Allocation with Meta-heuristic Algorithms for Indoor MIMO-NOMA Based VLC Systems

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Visible light communication (VLC) is a form of short-range wireless optical communication that uses light in the visible band for both communication and illumination. The limited switching frequencies of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are mostly preferred as transmitters in VLC systems, adversely affect the speed of communication. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) as an access method, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) are used in VLC systems to raise the sum rate. Several methods have been proposed in the literature to determine needed power allocation coefficients for indoor MIMO-NOMA based VLC systems. In this study, meta-heuristic optimization algorithms are proposed to determine the power allocation coefficient that are subject to various constraints including fairness. The numeric results demonstrate the superiority of meta-heuristic methods over sum rate performance. In cases where the user signal strength values differ and the number of users increases, or in other words, the solution becomes more complex, the sum rate acquired by traditional methods reduces, whereas the sum rate using the suggested methods almost does not change and stays high.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availibility

Not applicable.

References

  1. Ghassemlooy, Z., Alves, L. N., Zvanovec, S., & Khalighi, M.-A. (2017). Visible Light Communications: Theory and Applications. S.l: CRC PRESS.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Zukauskas, A., Vaicekauskas, R., Tuzikas, A., Petrulis, A., Stanikunas, R., Svegzda, A., Eidikas, P., & Vitta, P. (2014). Firelight LED source: Toward a balanced approach to the performance of solid-state lighting for outdoor environments. IEEE Photonics Journal, 6(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2014.2319102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ergul, O., Dinc, E., & Akan, O. B. (2015). Communicate to illuminate: State-of-the-art and research challenges for visible light communications. Physical Communication, 17, 72–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahsan, M., & Asif, H. M. (2016). ESIM-OFDM-based transceiver design of a visible light communication system. International Journal of Communication Systems, 30(8), 3175. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chi, N., Zhou, Y., Wei, Y., & Hu, F. (2020). Visible light communication in 6g: Advances, challenges, and prospects. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 15(4), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2020.3017153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wu, S., Wang, H., & Youn, C.-H. (2014). Visible light communications for 5g wireless networking systems: From fixed to mobile communications. IEEE Network, 28(6), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2014.6963803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Feng, L., Hu, R. Q., Wang, J., Xu, P., & Qian, Y. (2016). Applying VLC in 5g networks: Architectures and key technologies. IEEE Network, 30(6), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2016.1500236rp

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Albayrak, C., Turk, K., Tugcu, E., & Yazgan, A. (2020). Seamless rate adaptation for indoor visible light communication without CSI at the transmitter. Physical Communication, 40, 101071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Marshoud, H., Kapinas, V. M., Karagiannidis, G. K., & Muhaidat, S. (2016). Non-orthogonal multiple access for visible light communications. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 28(1), 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2015.2479600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Benjebbour, A., Saito, Y., Kishiyama, Y., Li, A., Harada, A., & Nakamura, T.(2013). Concept and practical considerations of non-orthogonal multiple access (noma) for future radio access. In: 2013 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, pp. 770–774 . https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPACS.2013.6704653

  11. Al-Ahmadi, S., Maraqa, O., Uysal, M., & Sait, S. M. (2018). Multi-user visible light communications: State-of-the-art and future directions. IEEE Access, 6, 70555–70571. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2879885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Timotheou, S., & Krikidis, I. (2015). Fairness for non-orthogonal multiple access in 5g systems. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 22(10), 1647–1651. https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2015.2417119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang, Z., Xu, W., & Li, Y. (2016). Fair non-orthogonal multiple access for visible light communication downlinks. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters. https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2016.2631471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang, X., Gao, Q., Gong, C., & Xu, Z. (2017). User grou** and power allocation for NOMA visible light communication multi-cell networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(4), 777–780. https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2016.2642921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shen, H., Wu, Y., Xu, W., & Zhao, C. (2017). Optimal power allocation for downlink two-user non-orthogonal multiple access in visible light communication. Journal of Communications and Information Networks, 2(4), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41650-017-0037-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lin, B., Ghassemlooy, Z., Tang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, M. (2017). Experimental demonstration of optical MIMO NOMA-VLC with single carrier transmission. Optics Communications, 402, 52–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.05.069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen, C., Zhong, W.-D., Yang, H., & Du, P. (2018). On the performance of MIMO-NOMA-based visible light communication systems. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 30(4), 307–310. https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2017.2785964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cai, Y., Qin, Z., Cui, F., Li, G. Y., & McCann, J. A. (2018). Modulation and multiple access for 5g networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(1), 629–646. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2766698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Albayrak, C., & Turk, K.(2017). Rate adaptive system for visible light communications. In: 2017 40th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), pp. 200–203 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2017.8075968

  20. Lee, K., Park, H., & Barry, J. R. (2011). Indoor channel characteristics for visible light communications. IEEE Communications Letters, 15(2), 217–219. https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2011.010411.101945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen, C., Zhong, W.-D., & Wu, D. (2016). Non-hermitian symmetry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for multiple-input multiple-output visible light communications. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 9(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1364/jocn.9.000036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Manglayev, T., Kizilirmak, R.C., Kho, Y.H.(2016). Optimum power allocation for non-orthogonal multiple access (noma). In: 2016 IEEE 10th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), pp. 1–4 . https://doi.org/10.1109/icaict.2016.7991730

  23. Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. Particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of ICNN’95 - International Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icnn.1995.488968

  24. Karaboga, D., & Akay, B.(2007). Artificial bee colony (abc) algorithm on training artificial neural networks. In: 2007 IEEE 15th Signal Processing and Communications Applications, pp. 1–4 . https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU.2007.4298679

  25. Annepu, V., & Rajesh, A. (2020). Implementation of an efficient artificial bee colony algorithm for node localization in unmanned aerial vehicle assisted wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 114(3), 2663–2680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07496-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Cheng, M.-Y., & Prayogo, D. (2014). Symbiotic organisms search: A new metaheuristic optimization algorithm. Computers & Structures, 139, 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.03.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Moosavi, S. H. S., & Bardsiri, V. K. (2017). Satin bowerbird optimizer: A new optimization algorithm to optimize ANFIS for software development effort estimation. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 60, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2017.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Storn, R., & Price, K. (1997). Differential evolution–a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. Journal of Global Optimization, 11(4), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008202821328

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Yuvaraj, N., Karthikeyan, T., & Praghash, K. (2020). An improved task allocation scheme in serverless computing using gray wolf optimization (gwo) based reinforcement learning (ril) approach. Wireless Personal Communications, 117(3), 2403–2421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07981-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mostafavi, M., & Niya, J. M. (2015). A novel subchannel and power allocation in IEEE 802.16 ofdma systems. IETE Journal of Research, 62(2), 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2015.1085333

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Karadeniz Technical University Scientific Research Council Project Number FDK-2022-10241.

Funding

No funding is available for this work presented in this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24002, Erzincan, Turkey

    Yasin Altunbas

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey

    Kadir Turk

Authors
  1. Yasin Altunbas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kadir Turk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors are equally contributed.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yasin Altunbas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no Conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Altunbas, Y., Turk, K. Power Allocation with Meta-heuristic Algorithms for Indoor MIMO-NOMA Based VLC Systems. Wireless Pers Commun 136, 617–630 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11340-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11340-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation