Abstract
Small cell (SC) provides low-power radio access with a relatively smaller coverage range than a macrocell. It has been regarded as a key solution for offloading traffic in the future 5G system. Previous works on energy-efficient placement of base stations (BSs) in cellular networks introduced placement and sleep control of low-power relay stations (RSs) to reduce the total power consumption for downlink transmission from BSs to users. As compared with legacy RSs, SC can serve as an RS with a larger coverage range though consuming a bit more circuit power. Hence, this work additionally considers to deploy small cells (SCs) in a one-dimensional highway cellular network with BSs and legacy RSs, and further models the power consumption minimization problem for placement and sleep control of legacy RSs and SCs in this network. Since the problem is hard to be solved analytically, a genetic algorithm with dynamic operator-selection mechanism is further proposed to resolve this problem. Performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated via simulation with a practical experimental parameter setting.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ICT-317669-METIS project (2013) Scenarios, requirements and KPIs for 5G mobile and wireless system. Deliverable D1.1, April 2013. https://www.metis2020.com/documents/deliverables/.
Bennis, M., Simsek, M., Czylwik, A., Saad, W., Valentin, S., & Debbah, M. (2013). When cellular meets WiFi in wireless small cell networks. IEEE Communication Magazine, 51(6), 44–50.
Zhou, L., **ong, N., Shu, L., Vasilakos, A. V., & Yeo, S. (2010). Context-aware middleware for multimedia services in heterogeneous networks. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 25(2), 40–47.
Kiess, W., & Khan, A. (2014). Centralized versus distributed: On the placement of gateway functionality in 5G cellular networks. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE global communications conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 4788–4793).
Kumar, A., & Rosenberg, C. (2015) Energy and throughput trade-offs in cellular networks using base station. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, to be published.
Hou, Y. T., Shi, Y., Sherali, H. D., & Midkiff, S. F. (2005). On energy provisioning and relay node placement for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 4(5), 2579–2590.
Zhou, S., Goldsmith, A., & Niu, Z. (2011). On optimal relay placement and sleep control to improve energy efficiency in cellular networks. In Proceedings of 2011 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 1–6).
Niu, Y., Li, Y., **, D., Su, L., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2015). A survey of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications for 5G: opportunities and challenges. Wireless Networks, 21(8), 2657–2676.
Zhang, Z., Chai, X., Long, K., Vasilakos, A. V., & Hanzo, L. (2015). Full duplex techniques for 5G Networks: Self-interference cancellation, protocol design, and relay selection. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(5), 128–137.
Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Long, K., Vasilakos, A. V., & Hanzo, L. (2015). Large-scale MIMO based wireless Backhaul in 5G networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 22(5), 58–66.
Zeng, Y., **ang, K., Li, D., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2013). Directional routing and scheduling for green vehicular delay tolerant networks. Wireless Networks, 19(2), 161–173.
Yigitel, M. A., Incel, O. D., & Ersoy, C. (2014). Dynamic base station planning with power adaptation for green wireless cellular networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 77.
Wang, X., Vasilakos, A. V., Chen, M., Liu, Y., & Kwon, T. (2012). A survey of green mobile networks: Opportunities and challenges. Mobile Networks and Applications, 17(1), 4–20.
Lopez-Perez, D., Chu, X., Vasilakos, A. V., & Claussen, H. (2014). Power minimization based resource allocation for interference mitigation in OFDMA femtocell networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 32(2), 333–344.
Lopez-Perez, D., Chu, X., Vasilakos, A. V., & Claussen, H. (2013). On distributed and coordinated resource allocation for interference mitigation in self-organizing LTE networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 21(4), 1145–1158.
Wang, C., Ko, C., Wei, H., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2014). A voting-based femtocell downlink cell-breathing control mechanism. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, in press.
Khan, M., Tembine, H., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2012). Game dynamics and cost of learning in heterogeneous 4G networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(1), 198–213.
Duarte, P. B. F., Fadlullah, Z. M., Vasilakos, A. V., & Kato, N. (2012). On the partially overlapped channel assignment on wireless mesh network backbone: A game theoretic approach. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(1), 119–127.
Kwon, B., Kim, S., Lee, H., & Lee, S. (2015). A downlink power control algorithm for long-term energy efficiency of small cell network. Wireless Networks, 21(7), 2223–2236.
Islam, M. N., et. al. (2014). Wireless backhaul node placement for small cell networks. In Proceedings of 2014 48th Annual conference on information sciences and systems (CISS) (pp. 1–6).
Samarakoon, S., Bennis, M., Saad, W., & Latva-aho, M. (2014). Opportunistic sleep mode strategies in wireless small cell networks. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 2707–2712).
Ding, M., Lopez-Perez, D., Xue, R., Vasilakos, A. V., & Chen, W. (2014). Small cell dynamic TDD transmissions in heterogeneous networks. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 4881–4887).
Ding, M., Lopez-Perez, D., Vasilakos, A. V., & Chen, W. (2014). Dynamic TDD transmissions in homogeneous small cell networks. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE international conference on communications workshops (ICC) (pp. 616–621).
Ding, M., Lopez-Perez, D., Vasilakos, A. V., & Chen, W. (2014) Analysis on the SINR performance of dynamic TDD in homogeneous small cell networks. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE global communications conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 1552–1558).
Niu, Y., Gao, C., Li, Y., **, D., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2015). Exploiting device-to-device communications in joint scheduling of access and backhaul for mmWave small cells. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 33(10), 2052–2069.
Zhang, H., Chu, X., Guo, W., & Wang, S. (2015). Coexistence of Wi-Fi and heterogeneous small cell networks sharing unlicensed spectrum. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(3), 158–164.
Panagiotis, P., Vera-Alexandra, G., Louisa-Magdalene, I., Athanasios, V., & Michael, E. (2004). Service configuration and traffic distribution in composite radio environments. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C, 34(1), 69–81.
Rahimi, M. R., Venkatasubramanian, N., Mehrotra, S., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2012) MAPCloud: Mobile applications on an elastic and scalable 2-tier cloud architecture. In Proceedings of IEEE/ACM 5th international conference on utility and cloud computing (UCC’12) (pp. 83–90).
Yang, M., Li, Y., **, D., Zeng, L., Wu, X., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2014). Software-defined and virtualized future mobile and wireless networks: A survey. Mobile Networks and Applications, 20(1), 4–18.
Youssef, M., Ibrahim, M., Abdelatif, M., Chen, L., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2013). Routing metrics of cognitive radio networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 16(1), 529–536.
Yaacoub, E., & Dawy, Z. (2014). LTE radio network planning HetNets: BS placement optimization using simulated annealing. In Proceedings of 2014 17th IEEE mediterraean electrotechnical conference (MELECON) (pp. 327–333).
Barros Pereira, M., Porto Cavalcanti, F. R., & Ferreira Maciel, T. (2014). Particle swarm optimization for base station placement. In Proceedings of 2014 international telecommunications symposium, IEEE Press (pp. 1–5).
Bais, A., & Morgan, Y. (2012). Evaluation of base station placement scenarios for mobile node localization. In Proceedings of 2012 3rd IEEE mobile, ubiquitous, and intelligent computing (MUSIC) (pp. 26–28).
Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Ann Arbor, MA: The University of Michigan Press.
Soza, C., Becerra, R. L., Riff, M. C., & Coello, C. A. (2011). Solving timetabling problems using a cultural algorithm. Applied Soft Computing, 11(1), 337–344.
Comarcom Ltd. (2015). VEGA antennas for highway and freeway cellular coverage. April 2015 http://www.comarcom.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=60.
Bae, J., Choi, Y. S., Kim, J. S., & Chung, M. Y. (2014). Architecture and performance evaluation of mmWave based 5G mobile communication system. In Proceedings of international conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC), IEEE Press (pp. 847–851).
Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau (2015) 103 Annual Average Daily Traffic. May 2015. http://www.freeway.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?cnid=1652&p=5627 (in Chinese).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the anonymous referees for comments that improved the content as well as the presentation of this paper. This work has been supported in part by MOST 104-2221-E-009-134-MY2 and NSC 101-2221-E-018-004-MY3, Taiwan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, CC., Deng, DJ. & Jhong, SY. Energy-efficient placement and sleep control of relay nodes in heterogeneous small cell networks. Wireless Netw 23, 593–608 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-1181-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-1181-z